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Understanding Congenital Heart Defects & Electrical Conduction System

Explore congenital heart defects and the heart's electrical conduction system, including ECG tracing and components of blood. Learn about white and red blood cells, platelets, and the autonomic innervation of the heart.

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Understanding Congenital Heart Defects & Electrical Conduction System

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  1. Congenital Heart Defects

  2. Congenital Heart Defects

  3. Congenital Heart Defects

  4. Electrical Conduction System Sino Atrial (SA) Node – sup/post rt atrium Atrial Ventricular (AV) Node – inf rt atrium AV Bundle (of His) – sup IV septum L and R Bundle Branches – IV septum Purkinje Fibers – both ventricles

  5. The Conducting System of the Heart

  6. An Electrocardiogram (ECG) trace

  7. The Electrocardiogram Recording of the electrical activities in the heart P wave = Atrial Depolarization QRS complex = Ventricular Depolarization T wave = Ventricular Repolarization

  8. Systemic Vessels

  9. Blood

  10. Blood = Plasma + Formed (Cellular) Elements Plasma • ~ 55% blood volume • ~ 92% of plasma is water • High dissolved O2 content • Dissolved proteins • Minerals, glucose, ions. Cells • ~ 45% blood volume • RBCs (~ 99% of cells) • WBCs (~ 1% of cells)

  11. The Proteins in Plasma • Albumins • 60% of plasma proteins. • Globulins • 35% of plasma proteins. • Fibrinogen • For clotting reaction, forms fibrin. • * serum = plasma without clotting proteins

  12. Cellular Components RBCs (erythrocytes) ~ 99% of all cells. Hematocrit = % of blood occupied by cellular components. (packed RBC volume) Lacks nuclei, mitochondria and ribosomes. Anaerobic metabolism Life span = ~120 days

  13. Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBCs) on the tip of a hypodermic needle.

  14. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Granular Leukocytes • Neutrophils 70% of circulating leukocytes • Multi-lobed nucleus (3 or more), mobile phagocytes. • Eosinophils much less common • Bi-lobed nucleus with ‘orange’ staining granules. • Basophils relatively rare • Bi-lobed with dark staining granules, releases histamine.

  15. Agranular Leukocytes • Lymphocytesprimary cell of lymphatic system • T-cells attack foreign cells directly. • B-cells produce antibodies. • Monocytes • Large nucleus, differentiate intoMacrophages.

  16. n l e

  17. Platelet cells (Thrombocytes) • Fragments of cells (Megakaryocytes) for clotting. Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

  18. Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Heart! Venules Veins

  19. Control of the Heart • Basic rate established by pacemaker cells inside the heart (myocardium) – called “intrinsic myogenic control” • Modified by Autonomic N.S. (ANS) • Para: decreases rate via the Vagus n. X. • Sym: increases heart rate and force of contraction via cardiac accelerator n.

  20. The Autonomic Innervation of the Heart

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