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ForL 8250 Topics in Pedagogy

ForL 8250 Topics in Pedagogy. Dr. Peter Swanson. Burrhus Frederick Skinner Lourdes G. Osollo January 20, 2009. Burrhus Frederick Skinner. Born in 1904, Susquehanna, Pennsylvania Died in 1990 Dreamed of “freedom” in a controlled environment: baby crib/air crib

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ForL 8250 Topics in Pedagogy

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  1. ForL 8250 Topics in Pedagogy Dr. Peter Swanson Burrhus Frederick Skinner Lourdes G. Osollo January 20, 2009

  2. Burrhus Frederick Skinner • Born in 1904, Susquehanna, Pennsylvania • Died in 1990 • Dreamed of “freedom” in a controlled environment: baby crib/air crib • “Operant conditioning chamber” • “Box” • Walden Two:fictional community

  3. Intellectual “Family Tree” of B.F. Skinner Mach Sechenov Pavlov Bekhterev Dewey Angell Donaldson Loeb Bacon Watson Crozier Skinner Todd JT, Morris EK. Modern Perspectives on BF Skinner & Contemporary Behaviorism. 1995.

  4. Early Experiments • Frogs reflexes with electroshocks (not conditioned but lowered threshold) • Skinner admired Pavlov (secretion of saliva) • Skinner: “descriptive”/”radical” behaviorist=behavior is determined by processes within the live organism

  5. Early Experiments/Theory • In 1930 discovered immediate reinforcement smooth ingestion curve rat moves lower legs nerves were spontaneous??? • Interested on the “effects” that “reinforcers” produce in an “intact” organism in an “enclosed” space • “Behavior was triggered or “shaped” by its consequences”

  6. Conditioned Reflexes and the notion of “Operant Conditioning” • Operant Conditioning vs Reflex & vs Pavlovian reflex (salivary) • Behaviors do not begin as reflexes • Instrumental vs Operant. Behavior operated on the environment. • Operant is defined in terms of its effects Purpose Consequences of an act

  7. Reinforcements • Can be + or - • Contingencies change & improve the conditions behavior • Aversive Control is < effective than + Control • Society follows the negative • Some - critics: + Control techniques to shape behavior destroy man’s spirit

  8. Punishment/Control • People naturally good, but Cultural Determinism sideways redirection • Personal responsibility is questioned! • Skinner vs Rogers: “Client” will not find the controlling forces to redirect themselves within them (Judeo-Christian religion) • Control: The bully/weak (Also see:Paolo Freire: “Pedagogy of the Oppressed”)

  9. Punishment/Control • Control by its means is not effective • Induction is better and long lasting • At school SS punishment study without won’t with induction will be lasting

  10. Reinforcement(behavior increases) Punishment(behavior decreases) Positive(something added) Positive ReinforcementSomething added increases behavior Positive PunishmentSomething added decreases behavior Negative(something removed) Negative ReinforcementSomething removed increases behavior Negative PunishmentSomething removed decreases behavior See Operant Behavior in words of Skinner: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA Reinforcement & Punishment

  11. Skinner and Programmed Learning“Teaching Machines” • Goal: To expedite learning and reduce contingencies that may limit it. This is contradictory Instruments • Programming vs Order of the subject • Reinforcement and Stimulus Affective learning. Effective praising is “self-satisfying” • “The humanist who induces, emulates and is enthusiastic about getting students to learn is controlling the student as the person who designs and programs a machine” - Skinner

  12. Skinner and Programmed Learning“Teaching Machines” • Visited his daughter’s class and…. • The Student answers questions and rewarded. • “Teaching is out of date if the teacher is the only reinforcer” • Skinner country dishwashers and the like for mechanized classrooms

  13. Human Culture and Behavior • Culture should be reinforced: • Priming: Show the students what to do • Prompting: Supply part of the answer as encouragement/mastery/completion • Vanishing: Covering with plastic pockets • “Evangeline-Long Fellow” • Read erase letters read completely erase all letters read it completely!

  14. Human Culture and Behavior • In his view there are: continuous, interval and ratio reinforcements. • In 1972 Skinner said: “I am the person most concerned with controlling”

  15. References • Bjork, Daniel W. “B.F. Skinner, a life”., Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 1993 • Evans, J. Richard. “The Man and his Ideas”., E.P. Duttout Co., Inc. New York, 1968 • Morris, K. Edward & Tood, T. James. “Modern Perspectives on B.F. Skinner and Contemporary Behaviorism”., Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut-London, 1995

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