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Geotechnical Applications of Soils: Understanding Rock Formation and Soil Types

Explore the transformation of rocks into soil due to heat, pressure, and flow, and the differences between residual and transported soils. Learn about igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and their properties, as well as the geological processes involved in soil formation and composition. Gain insight into the importance of soils in construction, agriculture, and environmental contexts.

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Geotechnical Applications of Soils: Understanding Rock Formation and Soil Types

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  1. SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW SOME ROCK BREAKDOWN, DETERIORATES,DECOMPOSES TO BECOME SOIL

  2. METAMORPHIC ROCK RESULTS FROM IGNEOUS OR SEDIMENTARY ROCK UNDERGOING CHANGE, GENERALLY TO A HARDER, STRONGER STATE SOME ROCK BREAKDOWN, DETERIORATES,DECOMPOSES TO BECOME SOIL

  3. RESIDUAL DEPOSITS: REMAINS IN PLACE AT LOCATION FORMED SOIL DEPOSITS DEPOSITS FROM TRANSPORTED SOILS: Soil materials transported, then deposited to create new soil formation

  4. SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW METAMORPHIC ROCK RESULTS FROM IGNEOUS OR SEDIMENTARY ROCK UNDERGOING CHANGE, GENERALLY TO A HARDER, STRONGER STATE

  5. RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS

  6. SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW

  7. COURSE OVERVIEW • SOILS • (1ST HALF OF COURSE) • GEOLOGY‑ORIGIN OF SOILS • PROPERTIES OF SOILS • ITS PARAMETER • ITS BEHAVIOR • OTHER ASPECTS • EARTHWORKS • (2ND HALF OF COURSE) • CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION OF SOILS - • ENVIRONMENTAL • GEOTECHNICAL • AGRICULTURAL • NOTE: MAIN FOCUS IS GEOTECHINCAL APPLICATIONS

  8. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY • STUDY OF OUTER ZONE OF EARTH • IT CONSIST OF • ROCKS • SOIL • WATER • DEFINITIONS • Rocks ‑minerals bonded by strong attractive forces • Soils ‑ are a particulate material due to the disintegration of Rock • ROCKS • ‑ IGNEOUS • - SEDIMENTARY • - METAMORPHIC

  9. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) DEFINITIONS: IGNEOUS‑ COOLING AND HARDENING OF MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA (I.E. GRANITES, BASALTS, RITYOLITES) ROCKS THAT ARE ACIDIC (NOT BASIC) I.E. GRANITES ARE GOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION SEDIMENTARY ‑ACCUMULATED DEPOSITS OF SOIL PARTICLES OR REMAINS OF CERTAIN ORGANISMS THAT HAVE HARDENED UNDER PRESSURE (I.E-LIMESTONE, SHALE, SANDSTONE,ETC) CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE LAYERED OR STRATIFIED APPEARANCE I.E. SHALE IS A HARDENING OF CLAYS AND SILTS (GOOD FOUNDATION MATERIAL)

  10. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) METAMORPHIC‑EXISTING ROCK CHANGES UNDER HEAT, PRESSURE, AND PLASTIC FLOW I.E. LIMESTONE TO MARBLE, SHALE TO SCHIST IT BECOMES A FOLIATED ROCK(LAYERS) WEATHERINGFOR EXAMPLE CHANGES A SCHIST TO A SILT‑SAND MIXTURE WITH MICA NOTE: THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS CONCERNED WITH STRENGTH, THE DRILLING, BLASTING, EXCAVATION, AND USE IN CONCRETE, ETC,

  11. RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS • RESIDUAL SOILS (DUE TO WEATHERING) • REMAIN IN THEIR PLACE OF ORIGIN • I.E. ORGANIC SOILS -COAL OR PEAT • *I.E. BORING LOGS REVEAL THE HISTORY • OF SOIL FORMATIONS • (SAMPLE SOIL FORMATION) • EXAMPLE #1 • TOPSOIL(ORGANICS)---GROUND SURFACE • LOAM(SANDY CLAY) • SANDS-ALTERED MINERALOGICAL • COMPOSITION (I.E. M/F SAND, C/M SAND • ARE HIGHLY WEATHERED) • DECOMPOSED ROCK • ROCK • EXAMPLE #2 • ASPHALT ------GROUND SURFACE • FILL • BOG • SILT AND CLAY • SAND

  12. RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) TRANSPORTED SOILS(GRAVITY AND WTND) DEFINITION: AEOLIAN DEPOSITS ARE WIND TRANSPORTED SOILS I.E. LOESS ‑IS A WIND‑BLOWN SILT THAT HAS CEMENTED. IT IS ABLE TO WITHSTAND A SHARP NATURAL SLOPE (PG.11 TEXT) (I.E. MISS_ RIVER) GLACIAL MATERIAL REFER TO PG.14,FIGURE 1-6 NOTE: IT IS DIFFICULT TO BORE THROUGH GLACIAL TILL AND OVERBURDEN MATERIAL RIVER DEPOSITS ‑ RIVER DEPOSITED SOILS ARE ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS I.E. ‑MEANDERING RIVERS ARE AGING RIVERS AND THEY LEAVE SOIL DEPOSITS THAT EVENTUALLY FORM LAKES

  13. RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS

  14. SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW

  15. COURSE OVERVIEW • SOILS • (1ST HALF OF COURSE) • GEOLOGY‑ORIGIN OF SOILS • PROPERTIES OF SOILS • ITS PARAMETER • ITS BEHAVIOR • OTHER ASPECTS • EARTHWORKS • (2ND HALF OF COURSE) • CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION OF SOILS - • ENVIRONMENTAL • GEOTECHNICAL • AGRICULTURAL • NOTE: MAIN FOCUS IS GEOTECHINCAL APPLICATIONS

  16. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY • STUDY OF OUTER ZONE OF EARTH • IT CONSIST OF • ROCKS • SOIL • WATER • DEFINITIONS • Rocks ‑minerals bonded by strong attractive forces • Soils ‑ are a particulate material due to the disintegration of Rock • ROCKS • ‑ IGNEOUS • - SEDIMENTARY • - METAMORPHIC

  17. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) DEFINITIONS: IGNEOUS‑ COOLING AND HARDENING OF MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA (I.E. GRANITES, BASALTS, RITYOLITES) ROCKS THAT ARE ACIDIC (NOT BASIC) I.E. GRANITES ARE GOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION SEDIMENTARY ‑ACCUMULATED DEPOSITS OF SOIL PARTICLES OR REMAINS OF CERTAIN ORGANISMS THAT HAVE HARDENED UNDER PRESSURE (I.E-LIMESTONE, SHALE, SANDSTONE,ETC) CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE LAYERED OR STRATIFIED APPEARANCE I.E. SHALE IS A HARDENING OF CLAYS AND SILTS (GOOD FOUNDATION MATERIAL)

  18. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) METAMORPHIC‑EXISTING ROCK CHANGES UNDER HEAT, PRESSURE, AND PLASTIC FLOW I.E. LIMESTONE TO MARBLE, SHALE TO SCHIST IT BECOMES A FOLIATED ROCK(LAYERS) WEATHERINGFOR EXAMPLE CHANGES A SCHIST TO A SILT‑SAND MIXTURE WITH MICA NOTE: THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS CONCERNED WITH STRENGTH, THE DRILLING, BLASTING, EXCAVATION, AND USE IN CONCRETE, ETC,

  19. RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS • RESIDUAL SOILS (DUE TO WEATHERING) • REMAIN IN THEIR PLACE OF ORIGIN • I.E. ORGANIC SOILS -COAL OR PEAT • *I.E. BORING LOGS REVEAL THE HISTORY • OF SOIL FORMATIONS • (SAMPLE SOIL FORMATION) • EXAMPLE #1 • TOPSOIL(ORGANICS)---GROUND SURFACE • LOAM(SANDY CLAY) • SANDS-ALTERED MINERALOGICAL • COMPOSITION (I.E. M/F SAND, C/M SAND • ARE HIGHLY WEATHERED) • DECOMPOSED ROCK • ROCK • EXAMPLE #2 • ASPHALT ------GROUND SURFACE • FILL • BOG • SILT AND CLAY • SAND

  20. RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) TRANSPORTED SOILS(GRAVITY AND WTND) DEFINITION: AEOLIAN DEPOSITS ARE WIND TRANSPORTED SOILS I.E. LOESS ‑IS A WIND‑BLOWN SILT THAT HAS CEMENTED. IT IS ABLE TO WITHSTAND A SHARP NATURAL SLOPE (PG.11 TEXT) (I.E. MISS_ RIVER) GLACIAL MATERIAL REFER TO PG.14,FIGURE 1-6 NOTE: IT IS DIFFICULT TO BORE THROUGH GLACIAL TILL AND OVERBURDEN MATERIAL RIVER DEPOSITS ‑ RIVER DEPOSITED SOILS ARE ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS I.E. ‑MEANDERING RIVERS ARE AGING RIVERS AND THEY LEAVE SOIL DEPOSITS THAT EVENTUALLY FORM LAKES

  21. RESIDUAL .VS. TRANSPORTED SOILS(CONT) BEACH SANDS ARE FORMED BY OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDES GREAT CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL NOTE: EARTHQUAKES, PLATE MOVEMENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDFILLS ARE NOT COVERED IN THIS COURSE. HOWEVER, THEY ARE RELEVANT RELATED TOPICS

  22. SOME ROCK UNDERGOES CHANGE CAUSED BY HEAT, PRESSURE, PLASTIC FLOW

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