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Pediatric Transfusion Risks and Guidelines

Pediatric Transfusion Risks and Guidelines. Jed B. Gorlin, MD Memorial Blood Center Minnesota. Trends in Neonatal Transfusion. Transfusion practices have become more conservative. Survival continues to improve despite less blood transfused!

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Pediatric Transfusion Risks and Guidelines

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  1. Pediatric Transfusion Risks and Guidelines Jed B. Gorlin, MD Memorial Blood Center Minnesota

  2. Trends in Neonatal Transfusion • Transfusion practices have become more conservative. • Survival continues to improve despite less blood transfused! • Extreme premies (<1kg) still very likely to require transfusion.

  3. Pediatric Transfusion: Risks and Guidelines • Review of overall risks of transfusion • Guidelines for Pediatric Transfusion • Red Cell • Platelet • Plasma

  4. Infectious Risks Viral Bacterial Protozoa Ricketsia Other ?Prion Non-infectious risks Transfusion Reaction Metabolic Cardiac Overload Dilutional Coagulopathy TAGVHD Alloimmunization Risks of Transfusion

  5. Product Safety Donor Recruitment Donor history screening Donor Testing Manufacturing cGMP Transfusion Safety Patient blood sample Med indication for Tx. Special Tx needs Select right unit Issue to floor administration monitoring & evaluation of reaction Transfusion Safety

  6. HIV, HCV 1 in 1,000,000 Bacteria 1 in 1-10,000 Mis-transfusion 1 in 500-16,000 Lung injury 1 in 5000 TAGVHD 1 in 10,000? Cardiac 1 in 100-1,000 Metabolic rxn neonate 1 in 10-100 Undertransfusion 1 in 50-1000 Current Risks Summary (NAT)

  7. Non-Infectious Risks • Transfusion Reactions • Metabolic complications • Dilutional coagulopathy • Cardiac Overload • TAGVHD • Alloimmunization-RBC, platelets

  8. Transfusion Reactions • Hemolytic • Acute hemolytic (typical ABO incompatibility) • Delayed (antibodies to minor red cell antigens) • Febrile • Allergic • Severe: Anaphylaxis, Shock • Moderate: Extensive Hives, itching • Mild: Few hives

  9. WHOLE BLOODABO AND RH COMPATIBILITY

  10. PACKED RBCABO AND RH COMPATIBILITY

  11. PLASMAABO AND RH COMPATIBILITY

  12. CMV at risk guideline • CMV Ab - pregnant women/fetus • Premature infants (<1200g) • CMV(-) BMTX/solid organ transplant recipients receiving CMV(-) donor marrow/organ • CMV(-) HIV or other immunosuppressed Pt • Less established: CMV (-) recipient of + marrow/organ, full term infant, premies of CMV+Mom. • Note: Boppana NEJM (2001) 344:1366 documents new infection of fetus of CMV AB+ mom

  13. Metabolic Complications • Infants at particular risk • Hyperkalemia- K leaks out of cells as they age. Irradiation doubles rate of leak. • Hypothermia- Use blood warmer • Hemolysis • Storage: exposure to freezing or excessive heat • Hypo-osmotic: Only use compatible solutions • Bacterial contamination may cause hemolysis

  14. Transfusion Associated Graft-Versus Host Disease • When donor lymphocytes attack the host • Host Immuncompetent • Host Overwhelmed (Premie) • Host Immune-competent but donor is HLA homozygous for an HLA antigen that the recipient is heterozygous for. Most common setting is related donor.

  15. AABB TAGVHD @ risk guide • Irradiate cellular components to 2500 (1500) • BMTX • congenital immune deficiency • Neonates getting intrauterine, during or post exchange • Hodgkin’s lymphoma • Directed donor/family member/HLA or X-match • ? Premie < 1200, other chemo (fludarabine, 2CDA)

  16. Neonatal Tx.- TAGVHD • No apparent increased risk in full term newborns • Low risk in premies. However, premature infants also represent one of the largest number of reports. Majority represent related directed donors. Consensus (<1200g) • Absolute requirement: irradiated (related) directed donor units.

  17. Transfusion-related lung injury • Incidence ~1:5,000 but rarely reported in pediatric transfusion recipients • Pathogenesis: Donor anti-HLA and anti-PMN antibodies causing activation of host leukocytes = pulmonary capillary trapping. • May be fatal • Donor is typically multiparous female • Usually Platelet or Plasma comp. RBC rare

  18. Alternatives to blood transfusion • Lower transfusion triggers: What we have learned from Jehovah’s Witness patients • Autologous transfusion Beware overzealous donation may cause iatrogenic anemia • Pharmacologic: Iron, Folate, Erythropoietin (see Neonatal issues) • Intraoperative hemodilution &blood salvage • Hemoglobin/Platelet substitutes

  19. Pros: Keeps patient, parents and extended family happy. May result in fewer donor exposures May encourage blood donation by individuals who do not usually donate Cons: No study shows that directed donations are safer and many show that directed donor blood is rejected at a greater rate. (first time donation rate higher) Alloimunization Logistics/$/Error Directed Donations

  20. Neonatal Transfusion • Many premature newborns require transfusion • Iatrogenic: Frequent blood sampling, especially for monitoring blood gases may result in requirement to replace “blood out.” • Blood donor exposures in premature infants < 1kg are typically greater than 5 unless special programs to reduce exposure

  21. Neonatal Anemia • All infants experience a decline in Hemoglobin/hematocrit over the first weeks • Termed: “Physiologic Anemia of Infancy” • Healthy full-term newborns typically nadir > 9g Hgb @ 10-12 weeks • BW 1-1.5 kg, Nadir ~8 g Hgb. • BW<1.0kg nadir ~7gHgb

  22. Physiologic Factors: Neonatal anemia • Loss of fetal hemoglobin • Different Hbg-O2 dissociation curves: left shifted 1/2 saturation is at 16 to 18mmHg instead of 24-26. • Fetal hemoglobin has reduced 2,3 DPG effect • Decreased production of erythropoietin (Epo) in response to anemia

  23. Phlebotomy Blood Losses • Mean levels of sampling = 0.8-3.1 ml/kg/day. • Corresponds to 30%-300% of infant blood volume over course of stay in NICU • Transcutaneous O2 monitoring, smaller volumes for ABG and lab studies help reduce volume out.

  24. Treatment of Anemia of Prematurity • Observation- Non-ill infants tolerate significant anemia (see guideline) • Transfusion • Allogeneic • Directed • Limited donor program • Autologous-harvesting autologous blood from placenta • Erythropoietin

  25. Guidelines for RBC transfusion* • Hgb < 13g/dl (Hct <40%) with severe cardiopulmonary disease • Hgb < 10g/dl (Hct <30%) with moderate cardiopulmonary disease or surgery • Hgb < 8g/dl (Hct <24%) with symptomatic anemia • Bleeding or phlebotomy exceeding 25% of red cell volume. • * from Strauss, Chap 20 Neonatal Transfusion in Anderson, Ness Scientific Basis of Transfusion Medicine

  26. Guidelines for Neonatal RBC Transfusion • Definitions of severe, moderate, symptomatic must be locally defined • No proven benefit of replacing iatrogenic blood loss by ml. Instead transfuse to maintain minimum hct • Few studies guide transfusion triggers • Transfusion to treat apneic episodes is controversial

  27. Transfusion: Neonatal Anemia • How much: 10-20ml/kg • How fast: Over 2-4 hours • What: RBC product of choice: Controversial- See summary of Strauss studies • Age: # of days since unit donated • Anticoagulant • Irradiation

  28. Neonatal Tx: Anticoagulant • Dr. Ronald Strauss, University of Iowa has extensively studied anticoagulants & small volume transfusion. (Note: however lower hct!) • Several studies document the safety of transfusion stored blood (up to 42 days) using AS-1 anticoagulant which contains both Adenine and Mannitol as preservatives. • J Pediatrics (1994) 125:92, Arch Dis Child (1995) 72:F29, Transfusion (1996) 36:873

  29. Neonatal Rx: K+ & Age of Units • Extracellular Potassium (K+) rises with extended storage (CPDA-1: 78mmol/L in unit d 35, 45-50 @ d42 in AS); irradiation doubles rate • No significant change in [K+] post small volume (10-20ml/kg) given over 2-3 hours. • K+ problematic in massive transfusion • Cardiac Bypass, ECMO, Neonatal Exch Tx. • Give blood less than one week old, or washed

  30. Neonatal 2,3 DPG • 2,3 DPG levels are depleted during RBC storage • Formerly used as an argument to provide fresh blood to neonates • At least one study documents similar 2,3 DPG levels in infants post-Tx of either fresh or stored blood, proving that infants are capable of 2,3 DPG regeneration

  31. Cold Storage • RBC are stored at 2-6oC. • Rapid transfusion results in hypothermia, hypoglycemia • Rapid transfusion requires use of a blood warmer-Use only FDA cleared with alarm. Microwave ovens (not intended for blood warming) have been associated with fatal hemolysis

  32. Neonatal Tx- Glucose • The anticoagulant preservative solution in a 450ml bag of CPDA-1 red cells contains 31grams of glucose. • This yields over 600 mg/dL glucose concentration. • Hyperglycemia is rarely of clinical significance, but post transfusion hypoglycemia may ensue due to stimulation of insulin secretion

  33. Neonatal Tx- Hypocalcemia • The reason blood doesn’t clot in the bag following donation is complete chelation of Ca++ by citrate. Excess citrate is present to ensure complete chelation regardless of donor calcium level. • Greatest risk of hypocalcemia: large volume transfusion to neonates (by pass, ECMO, exchange), patients with acidemia or hepatic dysfunction.

  34. T-Antigen Activation • Results in hemolysis of patient red cells following infusion of plasma component. • T-Antigen activation occurs following NEC and sepsis, most typically from gram negative organisms, such as Clostridia. • Mechanism: Enzymatic removal of sialic acid residues from glycophorins, exposing a cryptantigen (“T”). All adult sera contains naturally occurring anti-T IgM.

  35. Neonatal Tx.-DeGowin Inventory • Infants < 1 Kg- Assigned to 1/2 unit- Aliquoted up to 42 days • Infants 1-1.3 Kg 1/4-1/2 unit • Infants >1.3 Kg use as needed • When unit is >14 days, no new recipients assigned to that unit • Large volume transfusions (exchange, cardiac bypass or ECMO) still require low [K+] source-fresh or washed.

  36. Erythropoietin vs. Transfusions for Neonates • > 20 controlled trials of Epo Rx of neonates • No convincing evidence that Epo Rx substantially reduces transfusion requirements in NICU patients at greatest risk for the most transfusions, I.e. the profoundly premature. • Currently <50% of infants with BW >1.0kg require RBC Tx • Nearly all infants <1.0 kg require Tx within first 3-4 weeks.

  37. Neonatal Autologous Blood • Placental cord blood collection: hematopoietic progenitors) & RBC for Tx. • Problems identified: • Patients for who it is easiest to collect are least likely to require transfusion • Difficult to predict who will subsequently require transfusion at or prior to delivery • High rate of bacterial contamination of placental blood collections.

  38. Neonatal Transfusion: X match • AABB Standard 5.15.5.1: ABO, Rh test either neonate or mother for Ab • 5.15.5.1.1Repeat ABO, Rh may be omitted rest of admission • 5.15.5.1.2 If Ab Sc (-), no X-match is required for intitial or subsequent transfusions.

  39. Neonatal Transfusion: Xmatch II • If AbSc+, give RBC negative for that antigen, OR X-match compatible UNTIL Ab no longer detectable (since antibodies are invariably maternal, i.e. passive) • If non group-O neonate is to receive non-group O cells, test neonate for anti-A, and anti-B, including by antiglobulin phase

  40. Intrauterine Transfusion • By definition premature, Initial ABO, Rh type unknown • Generally receive: Irradiated, CMV- (Ab or leukoreduced), group O cells, AB plasma. • Follow-up of HDN patients who received IUT required as they may have prolonged erythroblastopenia, due to large unadsorbed load of maternal allo-RBC antibody

  41. Many premies Transf. Relatively large amounts transfused Passive Transfer of Ab Lack of Isohemagglutinnin Long life expectancy Immature immune system-Risk of TAGVHD Limited donor program Citrate, K+, vol., Temp: special requirements Test maternal serum Lack back-type, no X-match required Limit donors, boutique components Irradiate for extreme premies, exchange Tx. Neonatal Summary

  42. Dilutional Hemostatic Dysfunction • Occurs following massive RBC transfusion. • Neonatal levels of vitamin K dependant factors normally lower. • Thrombocytopenia may precipitate bleeding • Consider whole blood or plasma component prime of large extracorporeal volume circuits like Cardiac Bypass or ECMO.

  43. Neonatal Bleeding: Platelets • Normal range: Similar to adults • Clinical ramification of thrombocytopenia (TCP) (<100K) • ICH 78% in TCP <1.5kg, vs 48% in non-TCP • Extent and prognosis worse in TCP • Andrew J. Ped (1987) 110:457 • BUT, a randomized trial showed no benefit of platelet Tx with a 150K trigger vs. 50K trigger for Premies. Andrew J Ped (1993) 123:285

  44. Neonatal Platelet Rx • Role for prophylactic platelet transfusions unproven • Nonetheless, general consensus support platelet Tx for neonates with plt<50K either with clinical bleeding or pre-procedure. • Asymptomatic infants generally transfused to >20K.

  45. Neonatal Platelet Rx: How much? • Goal = > 100K • Generally easily achieved by 5-10ml/kg of platelet rich plasma from a unit of whole blood. No additional concentration is required unless no concentrate with compatible plasma is available (e.g. AB infant may require plasma depletion of non-AB component) Andrew J Ped (1993) 123:285 • Like RBC may require irradiation

  46. Guidelines for Platelet transfusion* • Platelets < 100,000/ul and bleeding or clinically unstable (inc. IVH) • Platelets < 50,000/ul and invasive procedure • Platelets < 20,000/ul and no bleeding and clinically stable • * from Strauss, Chap 20 Neonatal Transfusion in Anderson, Ness Scientific Basis of Transfusion Medicine

  47. Pediatric plasma transfusion • Most infants have low levels of vitamin K dependant factors, hence, all infants receive vitamin K at birth. • IM vitamin K is more effective than PO. • Many infants, especially premature normally have prolonged INR, hence prolongation of INR, in absence of clinical bleeding or significant risk of bleeding is NOT an indication for plasma transfusion. Rx is vit K. • Plasma 10-15cc/kg is usual dose • Cryoprecipitate may be required if treating fibrinogen level <100.

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