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Chapter 10: Emotions & Motivations

Chapter 10: Emotions & Motivations. Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College. Motivational Theories and Concepts. Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior Instincts – inborn patterns of behavior Drive theories – seeking homeostasis

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Chapter 10: Emotions & Motivations

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  1. Chapter 10: Emotions & Motivations Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College

  2. Motivational Theories and Concepts • Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior • Instincts – inborn patterns of behavior • Drive theories – seeking homeostasis • Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli • Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success

  3. Stress: An Everyday Event • Major stressors vs. routine hassles • Cumulative nature of stress • Cognitive appraisals • Everyday & major stressors affecting the body/immune system • Work-related problems • Noise • Bereavement & Loss • Poverty, powerlessness, and low status

  4. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors • Brain regulation • Lateral hypothalamus (LH)and ventromedial nucleus (VMH)of the hypothalamus • Paraventricular nucleus • Glucose and digestive regulation • Glucostatic theory • Hormonal regulation • Insulin and leptin

  5. Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity • Obesity – 20% above average weight for height • Evolutionary – food supply changes • Genetic predisposition • Body Mass Index and adoption study • The concept of set point (natural point in weight stability) & settling point (weight stays the same unless long lasting changes take place) • Dietary restraint – may contribute to overeating and obesity

  6. Other factors in eating & obesity • The environment & obesity: lifestyle factors • Cultural attitudes: ideal about body size vary across culture and time/history • Is there a “fat” gene? • 1/3 of people in U.S. are obese • larger fat cells in obese people & set point of weight determined by metabolism • 200 genes that contribute to weight • many factors contribute to weight loss & gain

  7. The Mystery of Sexual Orientation • Normal vs. abnormal behavior? - Deviation from average? - Standard or ideal? *homosexuality labeled mental illness until 1973 - Consequences of behavior? *distress, guilt, or harmful to someone else

  8. The Mystery of Sexual Orientation • Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual • A continuum as suggested by Alfred Kinsey • Homosexuality estimates between 2%-10% • Theories explaining homosexuality • Environmental – Reinforcement and observational learning • Biological – twin & adoption studies; brains & hormones (testosterone) • Interactionist – combination of 2 approaches

  9. Figure 10.14 Genetics and sexual orientation

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