Missouri Show Me Quality Assurance Program

1. Missouri Show Me Quality Assurance Program Good Production Practices Healthy Animals Safe Food

2. PART 2 HACCP Health Products Injection Sites and Types Carcass Quality

3. A system used in meat packing plants to prevent food safety problems Regulated by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) The USDA has adopted a program designed to prevent food safety problems in meat packing plants. This program is called Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points or HACCP (pronounced �Ha-sip�) for short. HACCP is regulated by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. It is designed to prevent problems before they happen. Government regulations require that all packing plants must use a HACCP plan. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. T/F: The U.S. government requires packing plants to implement the HACCP systems into their plant operation. �TRUE�) The pork producer�s responsibility under the HACCP program is to supply the packer with animals that are free from drug and chemical residues and physical hazards such as broken needles.The USDA has adopted a program designed to prevent food safety problems in meat packing plants. This program is called Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points or HACCP (pronounced �Ha-sip�) for short. HACCP is regulated by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. It is designed to prevent problems before they happen. Government regulations require that all packing plants must use a HACCP plan. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. T/F: The U.S. government requires packing plants to implement the HACCP systems into their plant operation. �TRUE�) The pork producer�s responsibility under the HACCP program is to supply the packer with animals that are free from drug and chemical residues and physical hazards such as broken needles.

4. Identify hazards Find critical points in the process Establish critical limits for each critical control point Monitor Take corrective action if monitoring shows there are deviations outside the limits of a critical control point Keep records on each critical control point Verify that the HACCP plan is working correctly. The HACCP program is a seven-step program. It is a checklist for the packing plants to follow to make sure they are doing everything they can to avoid food safety problems. The steps of HACCP are: 1. Identify Hazards 2. Find critical points in the process 3. Establish critical limits for each critical control point 4. Monitor 5. Take corrective action if monitoring shows there are deviations outside the limits of the critical control point 6. Keep records on each critical control point 7. Verify that the HACCP plan is working correctly (Teachers note: This is a very technical subject matter. The worksheet will help explain the steps of HACCP on a level the students may more easily understand.)The HACCP program is a seven-step program. It is a checklist for the packing plants to follow to make sure they are doing everything they can to avoid food safety problems. The steps of HACCP are: 1. Identify Hazards 2. Find critical points in the process 3. Establish critical limits for each critical control point 4. Monitor 5. Take corrective action if monitoring shows there are deviations outside the limits of the critical control point 6. Keep records on each critical control point 7. Verify that the HACCP plan is working correctly (Teachers note: This is a very technical subject matter. The worksheet will help explain the steps of HACCP on a level the students may more easily understand.)

5. The producer�s responsibility is to supply the packer with animals that are free from drug and chemical residues and physical hazards such as broken needles. We must also be aware of withdrawal times because a packer can�t hold a pig once delivered to the plant. Packers are addressing hazards through in-plant processes. They ask pork producers to help control microbial contamination, chemical residues, and physical hazards on the farm. Pork producers are responsible for properly observing withdrawal times. As producers, pork quality starts with you. It is important that producers understand food safety and consumer concerns. Even though you are a pork producer�.you are a consumer too! Thinking strictly as a consumer, you would not want to eat a product that you think might make you sick. When making decisions about giving your pig animal health products or medicated feed, put yourself in the place of the consumer. Then decide what you would do if you knew you had to consume your pork product yourself. Understanding consumer attitudes is the beginning of understanding your role in food safety. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. T/F: Production of residue-safe pork starts with an understanding of consumer concern about food safety. �TRUE�)Packers are addressing hazards through in-plant processes. They ask pork producers to help control microbial contamination, chemical residues, and physical hazards on the farm. Pork producers are responsible for properly observing withdrawal times. As producers, pork quality starts with you. It is important that producers understand food safety and consumer concerns. Even though you are a pork producer�.you are a consumer too! Thinking strictly as a consumer, you would not want to eat a product that you think might make you sick. When making decisions about giving your pig animal health products or medicated feed, put yourself in the place of the consumer. Then decide what you would do if you knew you had to consume your pork product yourself. Understanding consumer attitudes is the beginning of understanding your role in food safety. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. T/F: Production of residue-safe pork starts with an understanding of consumer concern about food safety. �TRUE�)

6. Microbial contamination Chemical hazards Antimicrobial and chemical tissue residues Physical hazards Broken needles or metal Hazards in meat products can be classified into three categories: microbial contamination, chemical hazards, and physical hazards. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. List the three types of potential food safety hazards in meat products: Answer: Microbial, Chemical, and Physical) Microbial contamination means the presence of pathogens such as E.coli or salmonella. Chemical hazards refer to the residues left from antibiotics and medicated feeds. Physical hazards describes broken needles, metal, or other foreign objects in the meat. If unacceptable levels of these hazards were found in pork, consumers may be afraid to purchase pork and pork products. It is up to you as a pork producer to be responsible with the products you use. Hazards in meat products can be classified into three categories: microbial contamination, chemical hazards, and physical hazards. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. List the three types of potential food safety hazards in meat products: Answer: Microbial, Chemical, and Physical) Microbial contamination means the presence of pathogens such as E.coli or salmonella. Chemical hazards refer to the residues left from antibiotics and medicated feeds. Physical hazards describes broken needles, metal, or other foreign objects in the meat. If unacceptable levels of these hazards were found in pork, consumers may be afraid to purchase pork and pork products. It is up to you as a pork producer to be responsible with the products you use.

7. Animal Health Programs Include: Biosecurity Nutrition Animal Health Products Vaccines, antibiotics, probiotics, growth promotants, anthelmetics, vitamins Veterinarian Parents, Guardian, Project Leader or Advisor

8. Food and Drug Administration Regulates medicated animal feed and most health products Approves products and sets tolerance levels for antimicrobials Sets tolerance levels for pesticides used in pork production There are three government agencies that have regulations that affect meat production. The pork producer is ultimately responsible for providing a violative residue-free product. These agencies work to ensure the safety of our product for consumers. The FDA is part of the Department of Health and Human Services. FDA stands for Food and Drug Administration. FDA personnel regulate animal health products and medicated animal feeds. The FDA approves products, sets tolerance levels, and approves how to give each drug. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. The regulatory agency responsible for determining tissue tolerance for most animals health products is the : _______) The EPA is the Environmental Protection Agency. EPA personnel approve pesticides that can be used in pork production. The FSIS is part of the US Department of Agriculture. FSIS stands for Food Safety and Inspection Service. FSIS personnel inspect all hogs at a packing plant before they are slaughtered. They also oversee the plants HACCP plans. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. The regulatory agency responsible for inspecting pigs at the packing plant is the : _______) There are three government agencies that have regulations that affect meat production. The pork producer is ultimately responsible for providing a violative residue-free product. These agencies work to ensure the safety of our product for consumers. The FDA is part of the Department of Health and Human Services. FDA stands for Food and Drug Administration. FDA personnel regulate animal health products and medicated animal feeds. The FDA approves products, sets tolerance levels, and approves how to give each drug. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. The regulatory agency responsible for determining tissue tolerance for most animals health products is the : _______) The EPA is the Environmental Protection Agency. EPA personnel approve pesticides that can be used in pork production. The FSIS is part of the US Department of Agriculture. FSIS stands for Food Safety and Inspection Service. FSIS personnel inspect all hogs at a packing plant before they are slaughtered. They also oversee the plants HACCP plans. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. The regulatory agency responsible for inspecting pigs at the packing plant is the : _______)

9. Provide for the welfare of the animal Treat disease or parasites Prevent disease or parasites Improve rate of gain Improve feed efficiency Minimize production costs The Quality Assurance program relies on the positive attitudes of producer and students. By participating in the program youth producers show they are committed to producing top quality food and making responsible decisions while raising their project. One way to avoid the chemical residues would be to completely stop using products that contain these chemicals. However, this is not necessary if we follow the guidelines when using these products. Pork producers use animal health products for several reasons, including providing for the animal�s welfare and minimizing production costs. Animal health products prevent or treat diseases, and can improve rate of gain and feed efficiency. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. List four main reasons why producers use animal health products.) The Quality Assurance program relies on the positive attitudes of producer and students. By participating in the program youth producers show they are committed to producing top quality food and making responsible decisions while raising their project. One way to avoid the chemical residues would be to completely stop using products that contain these chemicals. However, this is not necessary if we follow the guidelines when using these products. Pork producers use animal health products for several reasons, including providing for the animal�s welfare and minimizing production costs. Animal health products prevent or treat diseases, and can improve rate of gain and feed efficiency. (Teachers note: This will be a quiz question. List four main reasons why producers use animal health products.)

10. Maintain medication and treatment records Date of treatment Animal treated Product used Amount administered Route of administration Who gave the drug Withdrawal time Completed withdrawal date Keep records for 12 months Maintaining good records is a way to keep organized. The record-keeping plan is simple. Each time you treat an animal, write down the following information: 1. Date treated 2. Animal or Pen ID (ear notch or other identification) 3. Product Used for treatment 4. Amount given 5. Route of administration 6. Who gave the drug (yourself, a parent, teacher, etc.) 7. Withdrawal time 8. Date withdrawal time is complete Record keeping sheets are provided in this packet in the activities section.Maintaining good records is a way to keep organized. The record-keeping plan is simple. Each time you treat an animal, write down the following information: 1. Date treated 2. Animal or Pen ID (ear notch or other identification) 3. Product Used for treatment 4. Amount given 5. Route of administration 6. Who gave the drug (yourself, a parent, teacher, etc.) 7. Withdrawal time 8. Date withdrawal time is complete Record keeping sheets are provided in this packet in the activities section.

11. All drugs will have their use and storage directions printed on the label. It is very important to keep track of all drugs being used on your farm. If a label says to store the medicine in a refrigerator, then you have to keep it in a refrigerator. If it says �Use Entire Bottle� this means you have to use the entire bottle once it�s opened�.it cannot be stored and used later. If you use a medicine like this and you only use one dose�you still have to throw away the rest of the bottle because it will rapidly lose its effectiveness. All drugs will have their use and storage directions printed on the label. It is very important to keep track of all drugs being used on your farm. If a label says to store the medicine in a refrigerator, then you have to keep it in a refrigerator. If it says �Use Entire Bottle� this means you have to use the entire bottle once it�s opened�.it cannot be stored and used later. If you use a medicine like this and you only use one dose�you still have to throw away the rest of the bottle because it will rapidly lose its effectiveness.

12. All drug labels should contain this information Reading the labels on drugs is extremely important. If you read the label carefully, you can find all the information about storage and approved use of the drug. Reading the labels on drugs is extremely important. If you read the label carefully, you can find all the information about storage and approved use of the drug.

13. Over The Counter Drugs (OTC) Prescription Drugs (Rx) Factors determining whether a drug is OTC or Rx: Margin of safety to animal Effects of accidental overdose Difficulty of identifying disease being treated Safety for the administrator Types of Animal Health Products There are two classes of drugs: Over the Counter and Prescription. Over the counter drugs can be purchased at places like veterinary clinics, feed stores, and from animal health salespersons. Prescription drugs are only available from a veterinarian or pharmacist. Any time you use animal health products, even if it is OTC, it is recommended that you first talk with your veterinarian. The margin of safety for the animal, especially if an accidental overdose should occur, the difficulty in correctly diagnosing the disease and the level of safety for the person administering the drug are all factors which determine whether a drug is available over the counter or by prescription. Every drug approved for use in swine has labeled instructions. OTC drug labels will have exact printed instructions on dosage, administration, withdrawal times and handling. Use of prescription (Rx) drugs are harder to understand, so it is a little trickier. If your veterinarian prescribes a drug for use on your pig, he or she will give you a form describing uses, dosage, administration, and withdrawal times for the drug. Only a veterinarian may prescribe an Rx drug to be used on an animal. The label of Rx drugs always says �CAUTION� and �Federal law restricts use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.� There are two classes of drugs: Over the Counter and Prescription. Over the counter drugs can be purchased at places like veterinary clinics, feed stores, and from animal health salespersons. Prescription drugs are only available from a veterinarian or pharmacist. Any time you use animal health products, even if it is OTC, it is recommended that you first talk with your veterinarian. The margin of safety for the animal, especially if an accidental overdose should occur, the difficulty in correctly diagnosing the disease and the level of safety for the person administering the drug are all factors which determine whether a drug is available over the counter or by prescription. Every drug approved for use in swine has labeled instructions. OTC drug labels will have exact printed instructions on dosage, administration, withdrawal times and handling. Use of prescription (Rx) drugs are harder to understand, so it is a little trickier. If your veterinarian prescribes a drug for use on your pig, he or she will give you a form describing uses, dosage, administration, and withdrawal times for the drug. Only a veterinarian may prescribe an Rx drug to be used on an animal. The label of Rx drugs always says �CAUTION� and �Federal law restricts use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.�

14. Types of Drug Use Labeled Use: Using the drug EXACTLY as it is specified on this label. Medicated feed may only be used as directed by the label. Labeled use is legal and the type of use most producers use! Off Label: The PRODUCER uses drugs on their own in a manner other than what is stated on the label without veterinarian guidance. This is ILLEGAL!! Extra Label: The VETERINARIAN prescribes a drug to be used in a manner other than what�s on the label. This is legal and is used when a good veterinarian-client-patient relationship exists. There are �Right� and �Wrong� ways to use OTC and Rx drugs. Label use is when you use the animal health product exactly like it says on the label. This is the acceptable and legal way producers use most drugs. Off Label drug use is when producers, on their own, use a drug in a manner other than what is on the label. This is ILLEGAL. Extra Label drug use is when a veterinarian prescribes a drug to be used by a producer in a manner other than the directions on the label. A veterinarian-client-patient relationship MUST exist before extra-label drug use is legal. Feed medication can only be used as directed by the label. It is illegal for a producer or veterinarian to feed medication other than according to the label.There are �Right� and �Wrong� ways to use OTC and Rx drugs. Label use is when you use the animal health product exactly like it says on the label. This is the acceptable and legal way producers use most drugs. Off Label drug use is when producers, on their own, use a drug in a manner other than what is on the label. This is ILLEGAL. Extra Label drug use is when a veterinarian prescribes a drug to be used by a producer in a manner other than the directions on the label. A veterinarian-client-patient relationship MUST exist before extra-label drug use is legal. Feed medication can only be used as directed by the label. It is illegal for a producer or veterinarian to feed medication other than according to the label.

15. Extra Label Drug Use Veterinarian increase dosage beyond label Changes frequency of administration beyond label Changes duration of treatment Changes disease to be treated Changes species to be treated Prescribes any other non-label use of OTC or Rx drug Extra label drug use can only be recommended by veterinarians. A producer cannot legally use a drug in a manner other than what is written on its label. If a producer does this without a veterinarian�s involvement, it is called �off label� drug use and is ILLEGAL. �Extra Label� is the term used for drugs that are being used in a manner besides their specific use as given on the label. A drug may become �extra label� for several reasons�. 1. Your veterinarian may tell you to give your pig more medicine than the label states. 2. Your veterinarian may tell you to give your pig medicine more frequently than the label states. 3. Your veterinarian may tell you to stop giving the drug after a certain period of time. 4. Your veterinarian may prescribe a treatment for a disease other than stated on the label. 5. Your veterinarian may prescribe a drug for your pig that is not labeled for use in pigs. (This is only done if it is a logical choice and if label use of an approved swine drug is not available.) Extra label basically refers to any use of the drug besides what is printed on it's label and again, can only be prescribed by a veterinarian.Extra label drug use can only be recommended by veterinarians. A producer cannot legally use a drug in a manner other than what is written on its label. If a producer does this without a veterinarian�s involvement, it is called �off label� drug use and is ILLEGAL. �Extra Label� is the term used for drugs that are being used in a manner besides their specific use as given on the label. A drug may become �extra label� for several reasons�. 1. Your veterinarian may tell you to give your pig more medicine than the label states. 2. Your veterinarian may tell you to give your pig medicine more frequently than the label states. 3. Your veterinarian may tell you to stop giving the drug after a certain period of time. 4. Your veterinarian may prescribe a treatment for a disease other than stated on the label. 5. Your veterinarian may prescribe a drug for your pig that is not labeled for use in pigs. (This is only done if it is a logical choice and if label use of an approved swine drug is not available.) Extra label basically refers to any use of the drug besides what is printed on it's label and again, can only be prescribed by a veterinarian.

16. Vaccinations are done at the hatchery. Marek�s disease Coccidiosis If medicated feeds are used, follow withdrawal times as listed on the label. READ LABELS! Most diseases can be prevented with good management practices.

17. Generally don�t need vaccinations, antibiotics, or other medications if good production practices are followed. If medicated feeds are used, withdrawal times must be followed as directed. Some producers feed medicated feed a few days before and after a show to overcome the stress of showing.

18. Digestive Disorders Overeating disease or enterotoxemia Prevention: Feed hay, especially to young rabbits Coccidiosis - caused by protozoa Pasteurellosis - respiratory disease Parasites Ear and skin mites Sore Hocks Wire floors cause stress to hocks Worse if poor fur cover.

19. Proper Injection Techniques Reduce muscle damage Reduce abscesses Reduce trim losses

20. Just so you know what we mean when we talk about �injection site lesions�, here are a couple of pictures of those. Even though these abscesses and lesions will be trimmed out of the carcass and thrown away, they still can affect the tenderness and quality of the meat around the actual lesion. Also, it decreases the value to the producer when these have to be trimmed and thrown away. Where is the top sirloin? Where is the round? Sirloin is just in front of the rump area, end of the loin or back. Round is the hind leg, eye of round would be in the center of the leg if looked at from directly behind the animal. Just so you know what we mean when we talk about �injection site lesions�, here are a couple of pictures of those. Even though these abscesses and lesions will be trimmed out of the carcass and thrown away, they still can affect the tenderness and quality of the meat around the actual lesion. Also, it decreases the value to the producer when these have to be trimmed and thrown away. Where is the top sirloin? Where is the round? Sirloin is just in front of the rump area, end of the loin or back. Round is the hind leg, eye of round would be in the center of the leg if looked at from directly behind the animal.

21. Routes of Injections

23. Preferred injection sites..

24. Nine Practices for Proper Injections Use approved injection site SubQ if allowed IM in front of shoulder Sharp needles Adults � max in one Cattle � 10 cc Hogs � 5 cc Sheep & goats � 2 cc Young stock � split application sites Avoid additive effects of products Change needles Avoid wet or muddy

25. Disposable needles and syringes are sanitized and easy to use. Clean reusable syringes and needles properly. Always check for burrs on needles. Maintain a sharps container. Here are some quick tips when using animal health products that use needles� 1. If you purchase disposable needles, you don�t have to worry about sanitizing them or re-using them. Change needles frequently or regularly or if the needle is dropped or damaged. After use, dispose of them properly. 2. If you use reusable needles, make sure you clean them properly. Keep needles sharp to avoid excessive irritation. 3. Always check for burrs on the needles. A �burr� is when the metal on the needle is chipped or raised off the surface of the needle and is not smooth. This can happen if a needle is dropped or used too much. The chipped metal causes more irritation when inserted and also increases the chance of infection If a burred needle is used, the pig will experience excessive discomfort and injection pain. (Teacher�s note: Proper disposal of needles includes storing used needles in a puncture proof container. When the container is half full, it should be filled with cement, mixed, and sealed.)Here are some quick tips when using animal health products that use needles� 1. If you purchase disposable needles, you don�t have to worry about sanitizing them or re-using them. Change needles frequently or regularly or if the needle is dropped or damaged. After use, dispose of them properly. 2. If you use reusable needles, make sure you clean them properly. Keep needles sharp to avoid excessive irritation. 3. Always check for burrs on the needles. A �burr� is when the metal on the needle is chipped or raised off the surface of the needle and is not smooth. This can happen if a needle is dropped or used too much. The chipped metal causes more irritation when inserted and also increases the chance of infection If a burred needle is used, the pig will experience excessive discomfort and injection pain. (Teacher�s note: Proper disposal of needles includes storing used needles in a puncture proof container. When the container is half full, it should be filled with cement, mixed, and sealed.)

26. �NOT cover up poor management Animal health products are certainly acceptable to use on 4-H and FFA swine projects. They can be administered to prevent disease or to treat an unexpected illness. However, these products are not designed to cover up poor management. In other words, you can�t neglect your pig until it gets sick then give a �miracle drug� to get it healthy again. Animal health products work best in a good management program when used on animals that have received proper care. Anytime you use an animal health product, you take on a big responsibility. For example you must follow the drug�s label or your veterinarians directions specifically. This means administering the drug in the proper location, with the proper needle, and in the correct amount. You must also record all the information in your record-keeping system. Animal health products are certainly acceptable to use on 4-H and FFA swine projects. They can be administered to prevent disease or to treat an unexpected illness. However, these products are not designed to cover up poor management. In other words, you can�t neglect your pig until it gets sick then give a �miracle drug� to get it healthy again. Animal health products work best in a good management program when used on animals that have received proper care. Anytime you use an animal health product, you take on a big responsibility. For example you must follow the drug�s label or your veterinarians directions specifically. This means administering the drug in the proper location, with the proper needle, and in the correct amount. You must also record all the information in your record-keeping system.

27. Carcass Quality Poor meat quality related to stressed animals Abscesses Tenderness problems related to abscesses and injection techniques Since we�ve already talked a little about carcass quality, in terms of bruising and animal handling skills to avoid bruising, we�re also going to discuss some of the other things that can affect carcass quality. Another way that animal handling can affect carcass quality is that stressed animals sometimes produce meat that is poorer quality. Some of the items we discussed in the activities were related to causing or not causing stress on animals. There are also some carcass quality problems that are not directly related to animal handling skills, but that are important things to be aware of and to learn how to prevent by following quality assurance principles. These things include preventing abscesses and tenderness problems related to abscesses and poor injection techniques. Since we�ve already talked a little about carcass quality, in terms of bruising and animal handling skills to avoid bruising, we�re also going to discuss some of the other things that can affect carcass quality. Another way that animal handling can affect carcass quality is that stressed animals sometimes produce meat that is poorer quality. Some of the items we discussed in the activities were related to causing or not causing stress on animals. There are also some carcass quality problems that are not directly related to animal handling skills, but that are important things to be aware of and to learn how to prevent by following quality assurance principles. These things include preventing abscesses and tenderness problems related to abscesses and poor injection techniques.

28. Beef Quality Problems Dark Cutters - Beef One the possible effects of stress on carcass quality is that the carcass may be a �dark cutter�. This is a carcass in which the meat is not a bright cherry-red color, but instead is a dark red, sometimes brownish or almost black color. While the meat can still be eaten, it is not very well accepted by consumers because of the color. Many consumers will associate the dark color with old, or spoiled meat. Thus, dark cutters usually receive a much lower price, if the animals have been sold on a carcass price basis. One the possible effects of stress on carcass quality is that the carcass may be a �dark cutter�. This is a carcass in which the meat is not a bright cherry-red color, but instead is a dark red, sometimes brownish or almost black color. While the meat can still be eaten, it is not very well accepted by consumers because of the color. Many consumers will associate the dark color with old, or spoiled meat. Thus, dark cutters usually receive a much lower price, if the animals have been sold on a carcass price basis.

29. Carcass Value Yield Grade and Quality Grade determine carcass value Determined by a USDA Grader

30. Beef Quality Grade Tenderness, flavor, color, texture and juiciness To reflect customer satisfaction

31. Beef Quality Grades

32. Beef Quality GradeWhy is it worth so much? Prime 94% of steaks are acceptable Choice 90% of steaks are acceptable Select 75% of steaks are acceptable Standard 50% of steaks are acceptable

33. Beef Quality Grade Maturity Grades (Age) A less than 30 months E more than 96 months Younger cattle are more tender

34. Beef Yield Grade How much meat is in the carcass? Scored 1 to 5 1 is lean > 52.3% meat 5 is fat < 45.5% meat

35. Beef Yield Grade

36. Out Cattle(Discounts)

37. Out Cattle Carcass Weights Target is a 550-950 lb carcass ~900-1500 lb live weight Discounts of $35 per cwt $200-$335 per head! Hard Bones (Older Cattle) Heiferettes Mexican Cattle $20 per cwt discount ~$150 per head discount

38. Pork Quality Problems

39. Genetics and Pork Quality Porcine Stress Syndrome Recessive mutation @ HAL-1843 locus Negative effects on pork quality Stress Carrier (Nn) 30 to 60% PSE Stress Positive (nn) 90+ % PSE

40. Genetics and Pork Quality Porcine Stress Syndrome Sudden Deaths of Stress Positive pigs (nn) Mutation discovered in Pietrains Observed in most all breeds today Elimination of the gene (1996) Sire catalogs Need to test females

41. Other Meat Quality Grading Sheep Voluntary Meat Goats Poultry Rabbits

42. Sheep Carcass Quality USDA Yield Grades Selection No. 1 to No. 5 USDA Quality Grades Based on conformation, maturity (lamb < 14 m; yearling mutton and mutton > 24 m) and quality of lean flesh. Prime Choice Good Utility

43. Meat Goat Carcass Quality USDA Live Grades Selection No. 1 Selection No. 2 Selection No. 3 Quality Grades Based on age (Choice, Good, Standard and Utility) Kids Yearlings Adults

44. Poultry Carcass Quality USDA Grades Quality Grades of Ready-to-Cook Poultry A, B, or C Conformation Fleshing Fat covering Feathers Exposed flesh (cuts, tears and missing skin) Discoloration (bruises and blemishes) Disjointed and broken bones Freezing defects (detract from the general appearance)

45. Rabbit Carcass Quality Young Domestic Rabbit Processed weight 1.5 to 3.5 lbs Live weight 3 to 6 lbs Dressing percent of 50 to 59 % 12 weeks of age

46. Rabbit Carcass Quality USDA Grades Quality Grades of Ready-to-Cook Rabbit A, B, or C Conformation Fleshing Cuts and tears Deformities Freedom from foreign material Discoloration (bruises and blemishes) Disjointed and broken bones Freezing defects (detract from the general appearance)

47. Abscesses Areas of infection in the muscle tissue May be filled with fluid May not be visible on the surface On a carcass, they must be cut out and thrown away Usually caused by improper injection procedures Sometimes occur even with proper injection procedures Abscesses are another aspect of carcass quality which we will discuss. While there have been great improvements made in this area, with abscesses or injection site lesions in the top sirloin area having decreased from over 20% in 1990 to less than 3% now; there is also always room for more improvement. Abscesses are areas of infection in the muscle tissue. Sometimes they are filled with fluid, often a pus-like fluid. Sometimes they are visible on the skin of an animal or on the outside surface of a carcass; but sometimes, if they are deep in the muscle, they are not visible. When abscesses are present on a carcass, they must be cut out and thrown away, thus decreasing the value of the carcass. Abscesses are another aspect of carcass quality which we will discuss. While there have been great improvements made in this area, with abscesses or injection site lesions in the top sirloin area having decreased from over 20% in 1990 to less than 3% now; there is also always room for more improvement. Abscesses are areas of infection in the muscle tissue. Sometimes they are filled with fluid, often a pus-like fluid. Sometimes they are visible on the skin of an animal or on the outside surface of a carcass; but sometimes, if they are deep in the muscle, they are not visible. When abscesses are present on a carcass, they must be cut out and thrown away, thus decreasing the value of the carcass.

48. Abscess Examples The picture that was on the bottom right is one that occurred from a subcutaneous, or under the skin, injection that was not done properly. There was actually a combination of things wrong with this injection. First, this was supposed to have been a subcutaneous, or under the skin, injection; but too long of needle was used and some of the product that was injected in a layer of muscle tissue. This is partially to blame for the abscess occurring. Secondly, this injection was given behind the shoulder. This is not an approved site for injections. Injections should only be given in a triangular area in the neck. The picture that was on the bottom right is one that occurred from a subcutaneous, or under the skin, injection that was not done properly. There was actually a combination of things wrong with this injection. First, this was supposed to have been a subcutaneous, or under the skin, injection; but too long of needle was used and some of the product that was injected in a layer of muscle tissue. This is partially to blame for the abscess occurring. Secondly, this injection was given behind the shoulder. This is not an approved site for injections. Injections should only be given in a triangular area in the neck.

49. Abscess Examples The top two pictures are both from the round of the carcass. These also have more than one thing that was done incorrectly. First, although the round is not as high of value as the sirloin and loin areas, it is still higher value than the neck area, and so it is NOT an approved site to give injections. Secondly, these abscesses occurred when there was more than 10 cc of the product injected into one site. There should never be more than 10 cc�s injected at one site for cattle, and for smaller animals, such as pigs and sheep, you should not inject more than 5 cc�s in place. Both of these abscesses are deep into the muscle tissue and have ruined a large part of the saleable meat from the carcasses. The top two pictures are both from the round of the carcass. These also have more than one thing that was done incorrectly. First, although the round is not as high of value as the sirloin and loin areas, it is still higher value than the neck area, and so it is NOT an approved site to give injections. Secondly, these abscesses occurred when there was more than 10 cc of the product injected into one site. There should never be more than 10 cc�s injected at one site for cattle, and for smaller animals, such as pigs and sheep, you should not inject more than 5 cc�s in place. Both of these abscesses are deep into the muscle tissue and have ruined a large part of the saleable meat from the carcasses.

50. Tenderness Tenderness is one of the most important attributes of meat The last thing we are going to discuss in relation to carcass quality is tenderness. Probably everyone in here has had some meat that is very tender and some that is very tough. And which one do you prefer? Most likely the tender meat, especially on steaks. That is true for all other consumers also. Tenderness is ranked as more important than flavor by most consumers. So, as producers, we need to do what we can to produce products that will be tender. The last thing we are going to discuss in relation to carcass quality is tenderness. Probably everyone in here has had some meat that is very tender and some that is very tough. And which one do you prefer? Most likely the tender meat, especially on steaks. That is true for all other consumers also. Tenderness is ranked as more important than flavor by most consumers. So, as producers, we need to do what we can to produce products that will be tender.

51. Tenderness Abscesses and poor injection procedures can decrease meat tenderness! Tenderness is decreased in an area up to 3 inches away from the lesion, in all directions. Research shows that tenderness is significantly decreased up to 3 inches away from the lesion in all directions. Research shows that tenderness is significantly decreased up to 3 inches away from the lesion in all directions.

52. Exhibit Good Ethics Caring Trustworthiness Respect Fairness Responsibility Citizenship Just do the right thing! Finally, let's take a closer look at GPP 7, Exhibiting Good Character Traits. First, we need to always remember the goal of the 4-H livestock project is to help build the life skills youth need for success, and we use the animal project as the tool to help do that. Some of these life skills are record keeping, decision making, communication, responsibility, leadership, and citizenship. These life skills are also closely related to character traits. What are these character traits? The character traits are usually considered to be caring, trustworthiness, respect, fairness, responsibility, and citizenship. Some say ethics is just knowing and doing the right thing. Knowing the difference between right and wrong is easy, but doing the right thing is often much more difficult! Building our character traits helps to make doing the right thing a little easier. Let�s look at the character traits a little closer. Finally, let's take a closer look at GPP 7, Exhibiting Good Character Traits. First, we need to always remember the goal of the 4-H livestock project is to help build the life skills youth need for success, and we use the animal project as the tool to help do that. Some of these life skills are record keeping, decision making, communication, responsibility, leadership, and citizenship. These life skills are also closely related to character traits. What are these character traits? The character traits are usually considered to be caring, trustworthiness, respect, fairness, responsibility, and citizenship. Some say ethics is just knowing and doing the right thing. Knowing the difference between right and wrong is easy, but doing the right thing is often much more difficult! Building our character traits helps to make doing the right thing a little easier. Let�s look at the character traits a little closer.

53. Character Traits Caring - showing concern for others Respect - treating others the way you want to be treated Trustworthiness - don�t lie, cheat, be dishonest Fairness - play by the rules Responsibility - be accountable for your actions Citizenship - helping and obeying rules Caring means showing concern for others. As a 4-H'er, you have many opportunities to show that you are a caring person, both to people you work with and to your animals. Caring exhibitors show they care about their animals by providing good care and management, regular feeding and watering, protection from the elements, and attempting to reduce the stress on the animal. Caring for animals includes placing more importance on the health and safety of the animal, than the opportunity to go to the big show! Respect is treating people like you would like to be treated. You show respect in the way that you treat people and animals. Showing respect for your 4-H leaders, fair committees, and fellow 4-H'ers includes speaking kindly, listening to others, and following rules. Treating animals with respect means that you must consider their comfort needs, including feed, water, and environment and stress. When you handle your animals properly, you are eliminating unnecessary stress. Finally, show respect for your consumers. Consumers have the right to expect that the food they consume is safe for consumption. This means that every livestock owner has the responsibility to care for their animals and follow proper drug use to produce a safe, high quality product for the consumer. Showing respect for the needs of the public will help build a positive image of 4-H and the livestock industry! Trustworthiness means doing what you say you will do; being honest, don't lie, cheat or steal. As a trustworthy 4-H'er you provide care for your animals daily or make arrangements in advance for others to care for your animals when you can't. You follow the rules for animal ownership and registration, and you consult with a veterinarian and read labels before administering any medication? Exhibitors also show trustworthiness when they follow all food safety rules. Consumers have a right to know that their food is safe and free from any drug residues. When you use only approved drugs and medications and follow the withdrawal times on all medications used, you are ensuring that their food will be safe. Fairness means listening to others, and playing by the rules. Following the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have others do unto you" is a standard measure of fairness. There are many opportunities in the livestock project to show fairness. Following ownership and registration deadlines, knowing and following show rules, sharing space with other exhibitors, and caring for your own animals all show fairness. 4-H'ers can also show fairness in the ring by being considerate of the other exhibitors and animals in the class with them. Speaking well of winners and resisting the temptation to gossip also shows fairness. Responsibility means doing the right thing, considering the consequences of your actions, and being accountable for your decisions. 4-H livestock projects teach responsibility in many ways. The first of which is the total dependence of the animals on the 4-H'er. In addition to the care of the animals, 4-H'ers must also show their responsibility in training the animals. Many show animals require lots of time to get ready to be exhibited safely, and being concerned about the safety of others also shows responsibility! Responsible exhibitors will take the time to read the fair book and know and abide by all rules. They also will assist others as much as possible. They also take the time to read and follow all drug and medication rules and regulations. Responsible exhibitors also respect and care for their property and the property of others. Responsibility is demonstrated by good sportsmanship, good herdsmanship, and good showmanship at ALL times, not just when the judge is watching! Citizenship means helping others and obeying the law. This definition of citizenship has two distinct parts; first helping, and second obeying laws. Truly practicing the helping part of citizenship means getting involved and helping others. The second part of citizenship is obeying laws. 4-H has plenty of rules or laws, to obey, including enrollment, identification, entries, ownership, food safety regulations, and much more. The trait of responsibility helped you learn these rules, and the trait of citizenship helps you to follow these rules. Using quality assurance methods to ensure that you are producing a product that is safe for consumers is an excellent way of practicing citizenship. Even though you may not have a lot of livestock, Iowa 4-H produce over 13 million pounds of meat each year, and consumers in the United States will eat the meat that comes from your animals. (Those consumers might include yourself and your family!) All consumers should be able to have confidence that their meat supply is safe. Practicing quality assurance methods will help build consumers' trust in our livestock industry, and shows your concern for others. By exhibiting the six character traits of caring, respect, trustworthiness, fairness, responsibility, and citizenship, you will help to build the positive image of 4-H, and demonstrate 4-H's accomplishments in helping grow productive young adults. Break for a hands-on activity on ethics now. Process the activity with the processing questions before concluding the program.Caring means showing concern for others. As a 4-H'er, you have many opportunities to show that you are a caring person, both to people you work with and to your animals. Caring exhibitors show they care about their animals by providing good care and management, regular feeding and watering, protection from the elements, and attempting to reduce the stress on the animal. Caring for animals includes placing more importance on the health and safety of the animal, than the opportunity to go to the big show! Respect is treating people like you would like to be treated. You show respect in the way that you treat people and animals. Showing respect for your 4-H leaders, fair committees, and fellow 4-H'ers includes speaking kindly, listening to others, and following rules. Treating animals with respect means that you must consider their comfort needs, including feed, water, and environment and stress. When you handle your animals properly, you are eliminating unnecessary stress. Finally, show respect for your consumers. Consumers have the right to expect that the food they consume is safe for consumption. This means that every livestock owner has the responsibility to care for their animals and follow proper drug use to produce a safe, high quality product for the consumer. Showing respect for the needs of the public will help build a positive image of 4-H and the livestock industry! Trustworthiness means doing what you say you will do; being honest, don't lie, cheat or steal. As a trustworthy 4-H'er you provide care for your animals daily or make arrangements in advance for others to care for your animals when you can't. You follow the rules for animal ownership and registration, and you consult with a veterinarian and read labels before administering any medication? Exhibitors also show trustworthiness when they follow all food safety rules. Consumers have a right to know that their food is safe and free from any drug residues. When you use only approved drugs and medications and follow the withdrawal times on all medications used, you are ensuring that their food will be safe. Fairness means listening to others, and playing by the rules. Following the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have others do unto you" is a standard measure of fairness. There are many opportunities in the livestock project to show fairness. Following ownership and registration deadlines, knowing and following show rules, sharing space with other exhibitors, and caring for your own animals all show fairness. 4-H'ers can also show fairness in the ring by being considerate of the other exhibitors and animals in the class with them. Speaking well of winners and resisting the temptation to gossip also shows fairness. Responsibility means doing the right thing, considering the consequences of your actions, and being accountable for your decisions. 4-H livestock projects teach responsibility in many ways. The first of which is the total dependence of the animals on the 4-H'er. In addition to the care of the animals, 4-H'ers must also show their responsibility in training the animals. Many show animals require lots of time to get ready to be exhibited safely, and being concerned about the safety of others also shows responsibility! Responsible exhibitors will take the time to read the fair book and know and abide by all rules. They also will assist others as much as possible. They also take the time to read and follow all drug and medication rules and regulations. Responsible exhibitors also respect and care for their property and the property of others. Responsibility is demonstrated by good sportsmanship, good herdsmanship, and good showmanship at ALL times, not just when the judge is watching! Citizenship means helping others and obeying the law. This definition of citizenship has two distinct parts; first helping, and second obeying laws. Truly practicing the helping part of citizenship means getting involved and helping others. The second part of citizenship is obeying laws. 4-H has plenty of rules or laws, to obey, including enrollment, identification, entries, ownership, food safety regulations, and much more. The trait of responsibility helped you learn these rules, and the trait of citizenship helps you to follow these rules. Using quality assurance methods to ensure that you are producing a product that is safe for consumers is an excellent way of practicing citizenship. Even though you may not have a lot of livestock, Iowa 4-H produce over 13 million pounds of meat each year, and consumers in the United States will eat the meat that comes from your animals. (Those consumers might include yourself and your family!) All consumers should be able to have confidence that their meat supply is safe. Practicing quality assurance methods will help build consumers' trust in our livestock industry, and shows your concern for others. By exhibiting the six character traits of caring, respect, trustworthiness, fairness, responsibility, and citizenship, you will help to build the positive image of 4-H, and demonstrate 4-H's accomplishments in helping grow productive young adults. Break for a hands-on activity on ethics now. Process the activity with the processing questions before concluding the program.