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Islam’s lasting influence… yes no

Islam’s lasting influence… yes no. Faith and Society in the Arabian Peninsula, and beyond. Had been: polytheistic religious practice related to trade and commerce reinforced a social/economic hierarchy anthropomorphic view Islam an affront in each case

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Islam’s lasting influence… yes no

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  1. Islam’s lasting influence…yesno

  2. Faith and Society in the Arabian Peninsula, and beyond Had been: • polytheistic • religious practice related to trade and commerce • reinforced a social/economic hierarchy anthropomorphic view • Islam an affront in each case ‘Seal of the prophets’ the Ka’aba • Islam as culmination and correction of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity • inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts • Surrender, submission to the will of God

  3. The Five Pillars of Islam • No god but Allah; Muhammad is His prophet • Daily prayer • Fasting during Ramadan • Charity • Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) Jihad “struggle” • against vice • against ignorance of Islam Islamic Law: sharia “holy war” based on: Quran hadith logic ritual law related to all areas of human activity

  4. The expansion of Islam, 632-733 ce • The Caliph • no clear to successor identified • Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph • war against those who abandon faith Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) jizya Dar al-Islam

  5. Islam in South Asia one of the largest Muslim populations of any modern state - 10 converts rather than immigrants → trade from southern coasts – evidence to antiquity culture and belief by 13C CE dominated by Muslim traders from western Asia → for 7C, the religion of the ruling political elite This significant minority cannot be understood easily in relation to the modern state of India – communalism and statehood

  6. The Marvelous Mughals

  7. Replaced medieval states c. 1000 CEby the end of this period ‘India’ – regional ‘custom’ but dharma • Mauryan Empire agricultural society centered on Gangetic plane status of women • Gupta State commercial growth; religious tolerance Rajadharma and Chakravartin army est. 600 000 • Rajput states agriculture > pastoralism caste • Sind (Iraqi-Arab)

  8. Documenting the antiquity of statesMagadhas to Mauryans Alexander the Great 325 BCE Ashoka 270 BCE

  9. Gupta State • commerce • Rajadharma • Chakravartin • army of 600 000

  10. Delhi Sultanate Why? • Mamluk (1206) ‘slave’ dynasty • Khalji (1290) Alauddin Khalji agrarian survey; standard revenue • Tughluq (1320) replaced iqta system adopted ‘procession’ to show allegiance • Sayyids (1414) • Lodis (1451) 1526 Babur

  11. Lodi Administrative Legacy • sarkar geographical units (district) government used by Mughals authority British Independent India • within local territories called parganahistoric community • Mughal province or suba over – sarkar and pargana ie. Bengal = 19 sarkars and 600 parganas Delhi = 8 sarkars and 200 parganas • Lodi Imperial Officials controlled at the level of sarkar collected revenue from local officials under managed political infighting – primary role 100 000 under Sher Shah

  12. largest, most centralized to that time superior military of its soldiers born in war, sustained in war, to 18C precursor or cause of British colonialism How? Afghani Khans seized Delhi 1451 (Lodi) Sikander negotiated peace btwn rival Afghan factions b. Ibrahim overthrown by Babur Mughal Splendour

  13. Sher Khan Babur Thomas Babington Macaulay Minute on Education (1838) Indian Penal Code (1860) From Babur toBabington

  14. Akbar (1544-1605)grandson of Babur military victory m. Hindu wives end jizya skilful diplomacy Allahu Akbar 40 yrs admin. reform amirs mansabdar salary or landed income for rank jagirand money for mounted cavalry

  15. Akbar and Chittorgarh Fort • constructed by Mauryans, 7C • largest in India • Capital of Mewar • sacked by Akbar, 1568 • symbolic – could best others • Jehangir returned 1616; not resettled • Other symbolism: saka

  16. Jauhar “burning of the rajput women at the siege of Chittor”

  17. via zemindar(landholder) of jagir → an example from NE Bengal now Bangladesh Maharajas of Darbhanga ‘Do justice, relieve distress, and put the country in flourishing condition’ (1736)

  18. Fatehpur VillageSikri of Victory Tomb of Shayk Salim Christi Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzab

  19. An Indo-Islamic Culture • pious: orthodox – built mosques swept floors of prayer hall paid for Haj ships pilgrimage to Ajmer, Rajastan - tomb of Chishti sheikh • religiously diverse – listened to pundits of other faiths politically rational, but also interested 1563 reduced pilgrimage tax; ended jizra allowed new temples to be built • if Hindu, why might you convert? status [formal and informal] commercial advantage, access to work, and taxation safety

  20. Akbar’s successorsfractious fracticide Jahangir (1605-27) کوہ نور → generally tolerant; but, war against Sikhs military expansion across north; stymied in south Khurran’s revolt then sibling rivalry gone bad Shah Jahan (1627-1658) → fighting; administration on hold architecture indicates the fusion of cultures Taj Mahal Shahjahanabad (Delhi) Peacock Throne → imprisoned by son, 1658

  21. … not looking good Aurangzeb (1658-1707) → bested his brothers, imprisoned his father to wrest control re-asserted sharia law BUT → war against the Marathas → Jat and Rajput uprisings

  22. Aurangzeb’s final throws • Shivaje Bhonsle (1627-80) remains symbol of Hindu power and resistance to Mughal rule • Tara Bai → regent → political and military leadership बाघ नख

  23. Bahadur Shah (to 1712) → Marathas take Bijapur; Peshawar → Sayyid brothers ‘got rid of’ five mughal Emperors → forge political alliance with Marathas in 1718 Mughals forced to pay tribute From 1720 → Murshid Quli Khan virtually autonomous in Bengal (to 1726) → Nizam-il-Mulk fights and wins virtually autonomous in Hyderabad → Punjab in 1713-1726 → Awadh in 1726 And, → English to Calcutta; French, Dutch, Portuguese in SW → Nadir Shah takes Delhi the ‘Raj’

  24. … not looking good Aurangzeb (1658-1707) → bested his brothers, imprisoned his father to wrest control and re-assert sharia law BUT → war against the Marathas Jat and Rajput uprisings Bahadur Shah (to 1712) → Marathas take Bijapur; Peshawar Murshid Quli Khan (to 1726) the ‘Raj’ → Bengal, Bihar and Orissa → English to Calcutta; French, Dutch, Portuguese in SW → Nadir Shah takes Delhi

  25. Southern identities

  26. Early-modern south Asia Weak husk? or, lasting pretty well… the answer justified what comes next

  27. European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration motives:

  28. Colonization of the Atlantic Islands • Cuerta, North Africa • Madeiras • Azores Islands • geopolitical value, and • investments in sugarcane plantations • further exploration of west African coast: geopolitical discover cheap labour; class trumps race initially

  29. Indian Ocean Trade – only the beginning 1488 Bartolomeu Dias around Cape of Good Hope 1497-1499 Vasco de Gama to India and back A naus – ship in the style of the Gabriel ‘May the Devil take thee! What brought you hither?’

  30. Mercantilismwhat a great idea • ever closer collusion btwn: the Crown: protection of interests commercial interests: taxes to be spent on military/state • production: commercial crops from 13 colonies silver from New Spain sugar from Caribbean colonies fur from northern N. America • moving goods: all goods through the ‘mother’ colony Dutch and English specialists

  31. Real South Asian Power *** urban and landed elite *** Commerce of EIC: • its officials, trading privately on their own accounts and for the company • British ultimately the new nawabs * only with the collusion of local commercial houses *

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