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Do Now. Do Now: Is the dancer turning clockwise or counter clockwise?. Hemispheres. Brain divided into two sides Fissure: groove along center Right: controls left Left: controls right. Right Brain or Left Brain?. What is the structure of the brain?. Brain. Over 100 Billion Cells.
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Do Now: Is the dancer turning clockwise or counter clockwise?
Hemispheres • Brain divided into two sides • Fissure: groove along center • Right: controls left • Left: controls right
What is the structure of the brain? Brain Over 100 Billion Cells • Comprised of three major parts • Lower Brain • Mid Brain • Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex • (upper brain) Each part works with others to control what think feel and do.
What does the brain look like? • Tightly compressed macaroni • Studying uses more energy than jogging • Uses 20% of your oxygen • Is protected in multiple ways.
Upper Brain Mid Brain Lower Brain Brain Stem
What does the mid brain do? Possible connection?
Why is the cerebral cortex so important? • Personality: makes us “human” • “Seat of the soul” • Example: when faced with severe brain injury to frontal lobe– personality sometimes changes completely • Strokes, tumors – sometimes causes this
Broad, thick band running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers. Connections between left and right sides of brain. Highway of information – it is the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge of the I-84 of your brain! Corpus Callosum
How is the brain protected? • Protected by the thick bones of the skull • Cerebral Cortex covering • Suspended in cerebrospinal fluid • Isolated from the bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier a semi-permeable membrane that protects the brain. • The delicate nature of the human brain makes it susceptible to many types of damage and disease. • Infection of the brain is rare because of the barriers that protect it, but is very serious when it occurs. • Multiple Sclerosis-mylen, insulation for nerves, is impaired. • Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Chorea = CNS diseases
What is the Upper Brain? • Cerebral Cortex: outermost layer of brain covers the cerebrum – gray matter. • Higher level thought • 100 Billion nerve cells • It is the most highly developed part of the human brain and is responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language. • It is also the most recent structure in the history of brain evolution
Summary There are three parts to the brain on a horizontal level • Upper Brain: higher level thinking • Mid Brain: (Limbic System)vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation • Lower Brain: primitive functions, aggression, fight or flight • Brain Stem: autonomic functions • Two hemispheres – right hemisphere controls left, left hemisphere controls right • Brain Dominance Theory: Right brain dominant – art, language, creative. Left brain – logical, math, organized
Cerebral cortex: covers brain (gray matter) Fissure: groove along middle of brain Parietal Lobe: sensory strip Motor Strip: along frontal lobe - movement Temporal Lobe: speech, hearing Prefrontal Lobe: :personal memories Occipital Lobe: interprets visual information Frontal Lobe::reasoning, personality, Thought, complex thoughts Cerebellum: balance, coordination Reticular Activating System: alertness
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy • The only known diagnosis for CTE occurs by studying the brain tissue after death. CTE has been most commonly found in professional athletes participating in American football, who have experienced repetitive brain trauma • show symptoms of dementia, such as memory loss, aggression, confusion and depression, which generally appear years or many decades after the trauma. • a progressive degenerative disease, which can only be definitively diagnosed postmortem in individuals with a history of multiple concussions and other forms of head injury.
As of December 2012, thirty-three former National Football American football • •Lew Carpenter[64] • •Lou Creekmur[64][65] • •Dave Duerson[66] • •Shane Dronett[67] • •Cookie Gilchrist[68] • •John Grimsley[69] • •Chris Henry[70] • •Terry Long[71] • •John Mackey[30] • •Ollie Matson[30] • •Tom McHale[72] • •Joe Perry[73] • •Junior Seau[74] • •Justin Strzelczyk[71] • •Andre Waters[71] • •Mike Webster[71] • (NFL) players have been diagnosed post-mortem with
Do Now: Reading – Phineas Gage: Neuroscience’s Most Famous Patient
Reticular Activating System • Keeps us alert or puts us to sleep – alcohol mimics reticular system neurons The reason that most drunk driving accidents are due to drivers falling asleep at the wheel
Mini-cog During the mini-cog, a person is asked to complete two tasks: • Remember and a few minutes later repeat the names of three common objects • Draw a face of a clock showing all 12 numbers in the right places and a time specified by the examiner • The results of this brief test can help a physician determine if further evaluation is needed.
Mini-mental state exam (MMSE)During the MMSE, a health professional asks a patient a series of questions designed to test a range of everyday mental skills. Examples of questions include: • Remember and repeat a few minutes later the names of three common objects (for instance, horse, flower, penny) • State the year, season, day of the week and date • Count backward from 100 by 7s or spell "world" backwards • Name two familiar objects in the office as the examiner points to them • Identify the location of the examiner's office (state, city, street address, floor) • Repeat a common phrase or saying after the examiner • Copy a picture of two interlocking shapes • Follow a three-part instruction, such as: take a piece of paper in your right hand, fold it in half, and place it on the floor
Disorders of the Brain • Attention Deficit Disorder • TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury • Alzheimer’s Disease • Dementia with Lewey Bodies: • Although, where Alzheimer’s disease usually begins quite gradually, DLB often has a rapid or acute onset, with especially rapid decline in the first few months. • While the specific symptoms in a person with DLB will vary, core features of DLB are: 1) fluctuating cognition with great variations in attention and alertness from day to day and hour to hour 2) recurrent visual hallucinations. 3.)REM Behavior Disorder
List as many fruits as you can! • Get ready, get set GO! • Subjects were asked to list as many types of fruit they could think of in a second timed test. • In 2005, a study was reported in "Neuropsychologia" in which researchers tested 96 people diagnosed with Alzheimer's and compared the results to 40 healthy people.
Researchers found that healthy test subjects were able to list 20 to 25 words in each test, but patients with Alzheimer's could remember only 10 to 15 words. • The Alzheimer's patients were unable to remember words learned later in life but could remember words learned in early childhood. This pattern was so consistent that researchers were able to determine which subjects had Alzheimer's based on this word loss.
What are some other parts of their brain and their purpose? Brain stem: internal physical state of body Medulla Oblongata: breathing, heartbeat Pons: regulates brain during sleep Thalamus: relay station between senses and cerebral cortex Cerebellum: balance and movement Limbic system: emotions, memory Hippocampus: long term memory Amygdala: aggression, emotion, motives, (very active during adolescence) Hypothalamus: eating, drinking, body temperature
Joe’s Brain: Split Brain Surgery Split Brain Game
DO NOW: • Who was Phineas Gage and what did we learn from him? • What part of your brain controls long term memories? Hint: • What rare and controversial procedure is sometimes done to patients with severe seizure disorders? …and hand in No fair –darn Hippos!!!
What are Neurons? A neuron is a nerve cell Neurons transmit information throughout the body in both chemical and electrical forms to send information to other cells. Theaxonand dendritesare specialized structures designed to transmit and receive information. The connections between cells are known as a synapses. Neurons release chemicals known as neurotransmittersinto these synapses to communicate with other neurons.
The Role of Neurons in your Brain I travel from body to brain I travel from brain to body Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron Neurotransmitters What he said…. We put information into electrochemical messages transmitted by sensory neurons Inter Neuron I connect sensory and motor neurons
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/madneuron.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/madneuron.html
What are Some Neurotransmitters made up of? Motor Functions Too much – Schizophrenia (theory) Too little – Parkinson's and other movement diseases Dopamine Attention and R.E.M. Sleep Inducer Too little: muscle weakness Acetylcholine Relieve pain, Natural form of morphine (woo hoo!) Endorphin chemical that helps maintain a "happy feeling," helps with sleep, anxiety, depression Serotonin amino acid that helps induce relaxation and sleep builds muscle tone. It balances the brain by inhibiting over-excitation GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
What did we learn? • Sensory Neurons: • Travel from body to brain • Motor Neurons: • Travel from brain to body • Interneurons: • Connect sensory and motor neurons • Neurotransmitters: • Chemicals in the endings of nerve cells that send information across synapse • Central Nervous System: • Brain and Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System: • Stem off from spinal cord
What are reflexes? A reflex is an involuntary or automatic, action that your body does in response to something - without you even having to think about it. There are many types of reflexes and every healthy person has them. In fact, we're born with most of them…and most of them fade by age 6 months. Some infant reflexes that show up in adulthood can be signs of neurological disease.
Reflexes protect your body from things that can harm it. • For example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, a reflex causes you to immediately remove your hand before a "Hey, this is hot!" message even gets to your brain • Blinking when something flies toward your eyes or raising your arm if a ball is thrown your way. Even coughing and sneezing are reflexes. They clear the airways of irritating things
Common Reflexes Babinski (foot) Moro (startle) Tonic (fencing) Rooting (sucking) Pupillary (eyes – constriction Or dilation) Galant (leaning against side of spine that is stroked)
Babinski Reflex • Babinski's reflex occurs when the big toe moves toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. • This reflex, or sign, is normal in younger children, but abnormal after the age of 2 • The presence of a Babinski's reflex after age 2 is a sign of damage to the nerve paths connecting the spinal cord and the brain
Moro Reflex • Arms will rapidly fan out as if startled. • It is normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age • Absence indicates a profound disorder of the motor system. • Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants with severe neurological defects • It is believed to be the only unlearned fear in human newborns
Tonic (Fencers) Reflex • known as the “fencing reflex" because of the characteristic position of the infant's arms and head, which resembles that of a trained fencer. • Beyond the first months of life may indicate that the child has developmental delays, at which point the reflex is atypical or abnormal. For example, in children with cerebral palsy the reflexes may persist and even be more pronounced.
