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Multidimensional poverty analysis applied to the Roma

Andrey Ivanov, Senior Policy Advisor, UNDP BRC Eschborn , 14 July 2013. Multidimensional poverty analysis applied to the Roma. Acknowledgements. This presentation summarizes some preliminary results of an ongoing research based on the data come primarily from

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Multidimensional poverty analysis applied to the Roma

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  1. Andrey Ivanov, Senior Policy Advisor, UNDP BRC Eschborn, 14 July 2013 Multidimensional poverty analysis applied to the Roma

  2. Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013 Acknowledgements This presentation summarizes some preliminary results of an ongoing research based on the data come primarily from • The regional Roma survey 2011 supported by the European Union (DG Regional Policy), implemented by UNDP and the World Bank and administered by IPSOS, Serbia and • The regional Roma survey 2004, supported by UNDP and administered by BBSS-Gallup, Bulgaria, TARKI, Hungary and Focus, Czech Republic. The data sets and the research papers based on the data available from the UNDP website: http://europeandcis.undp.org/ourwork/roma

  3. Why focus on Roma? • “The largest European minority” – between 8 and 12 Mil people (or more?) • Represent an ultimate development challenge • A fundamental reformulation from “human rights” issue into “rights based development” issue • “Schizophrenic combination” of “developing world” level of deprivation and “developed world” context • Heavily overrepresented among the poor • Huge resources allocated already (and more to come under “Europe 2020”) • A way of going “beyond NTL averages” • What work for Roma might work for other similarly deprivedgroups

  4. Why multidimensional poverty? • Roma deprivation is not just a monetary poverty issue • Individual dimensions contribute differently to the overall deprivation outcome (status) • Makes possible building an integrated posture of the status (and thus link to the outrcomes of interventions)

  5. Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013 Defining the target: Possible options • Self-identification (asking people, “Are you Roma?”) • Convenient and politically safe (nothing is imposed on the respondent)… • …but doesn’t yield relevant data because of the vagueness of the question triggering additional ones in respondents’ minds, like • If yes, does it mean I am not Romanian, Bulgarian, Slovak? • Why do they ask – maybe to frame me? • External (‘imposed’) identification • By non-Roma – verges on segregationist attitudes • By Roma – “you may not know who we are – but we do” • Combined (multi-stage approach) – used in the surveys of UNDP (2004 and 2011) and of FRA (2011)

  6. Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013 The UNDP/WB and FRA regional surveys • Provide quantifiable and comparable picture of the current situation of living conditions of Roma in the EU and non-EU countries (what is the status) • Based on this, they send a message to policy-makers, • Illustrate the dynamics over time of some basic indicators (what has changed since 2004) • …to provide the ground for progress evaluation, • Suggest possible correlations and causalities (what drives the status) • …to help answer the “why this status?” question • Inform policymakers on possible priorities • …to suggest “what can be done” to achieve change

  7. Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013 …and in other countries as well

  8. Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013 The multidimensional poverty analysis • Data allows calculating multidimensional poverty rates and index – an aggregate measure of deprivation in 4 dimensions reflecting the priority areas of the Decade of Roma Inclusion • Health • Education • Housing and • Standard of Living • Follows Alkire/Foster methodology • Based on 12 indicators, 3 for each dimension • A person is considered poor if s/he is deprived in at least 6 of the 12 indicators and severely poor if deprived in 9 out of 12 indicators

  9. Health dimension • Shares of the population not having access to essential drugs (1/12) • Any HH member living in a HH responding "yes" to the question "were there any periods in the past 12 months when your HH could not afford to buy medicines prescribed by a doctor” • Perceived vaccination rate (1/12) • Any child aged 0-6 years old who has not received any or some of the obligatory vaccinations • Malnutrition (1/12) • Any HH member living in a HH that experienced that in the past month somebody ever went to bed hungry because they could not afford enough food for them

  10. Educational dimension • Highest completed education (1/12) • Any HH member of higher than primary education age with uncompleted primary education • Number of years in education (1/12) • Any HH member with less than 5 years in education • Gross enrolment rate in compulsory education (1/12) • Any HH member aged 7-15 who is not attending school or training

  11. “Basic infrastructures” dimension • Shares of the population not having access to improved water source (1/12) • Any HH member living in HHs not having piped water inside the dwelling or in the garden/yard • Shares of the population not having access to improved sanitation (1/12) • Any HH member living in a HH without toilet or bathroom inside the house • Access to electricity (1/12) • Any HH member living in a HH with no access to electricity in their dwelling

  12. “Standard of living” dimension • Shares of the population not having access to secure housing (1/12) • Any HH member living in "ruined houses" or "slums" (as assessed by the enumerator) • Access to various HH amenities (1/12) • Any HH member living in a HH, which doesn't posses four of six categories falling in "UNDP material deprivation" index • Absolute poverty rate (1/12) • Any HH member living in a HH living in the households where the equivalent per capita income/expenditures are below $2.15 or $4.3 poverty lines

  13. Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013 monetary and multidimensional poverty

  14. Poverty dynamics

  15. “Poor” and “severely poor” 2004-2011

  16. number of deprivations of M-poor, 2011

  17. Individual dimensions’ contribution, 2011

  18. More subtle details of deprivation…

  19. Andrey Ivanov, UNDP: Applying multidimensional poverty analysis to Roma, 14 June 2013 The overall messages of the data • Certain progress in regards Roma inclusion has been made since the launch of the Decade of Roma inclusion • But unequal in all areas • Unequal between countries • Quantitative data is of paramount importance for establishing reliable and robust progress monitoring systems • But quantitative data needs to be properly contextualized through qualitative research

  20. Policy relevance • Still potential (hard to go beyond research and communication campaigns) • But promising (unlike 2004) • Hopefully will be used for monitoring the progress in Roma inclusion (both within the Decade of Roma Inclusion and the European Roma Policy Framework) • Involving national institutions is key • But difficult to various reasons (incl. vested interests)

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