Vitamin A deficiency

1. Vitamin A deficiency

2. The term vitamin was historically derived from "vitamine," a combination word fromvitaandamine,meaning amine of life, because it was suggested in 1912 that the organic micronutrient food factors which prevented beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases, might be chemicalamines. Vitamin

3. Vitamin • vitaminis anorganic compoundrequired as anutrientin tiny amounts by anorganism • In other words, an organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when it cannot besynthesizedin sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.

4. Vitamins • Vitamins are classified as eitherwater-soluble or fat soluble. • In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C which are dissolve easily in water, • Because they are not readily stored, consistent daily intake is important

5. Function Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. • Some have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism (e.g. vitamin D) • Regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g. some forms ofvitamin A) • Others function asantioxidants e.g. vitamin Eand sometimesvitamin C • The largest number of vitamins (e.g. B complexvitamins) function as precursors for enzymecofactors, that help enzymes in their work ascatalystsinmetabolism.

6. Vitamin A deficiency • Vitamin A deficiencyis a lack ofvitamin Ain humans. It is common in developing countries but rarely seen in developed countries • Night blindnessis one of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency. • Night blindness is the difficulty for the eyes to adjust to dim light. Affected individuals are unable to distinguish images in low levels of illumination. People with night blindness have poor vision in the darkness, but see normally when adequate light is present.

7. Vitamin A deficiency • Xerophthalmia Which is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears that leads to conjunctival dryness and damage, complete blindness can also occur since Vitamin A has a major role inphototransduction. • Phototransduction Is a process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the cells of the retina of the eye

8. Vitamin A deficiency • Vitamin A deficiency also diminishes the ability to fight infections. In countries where children are notimmunized, infectious disease likemeasleshave higher fatality rates. • Even mild, subclinical deficiency can also be a problem, as it may • Increase children's risk of developing respiratory and diarrheal infections • Decrease growth rate • Slow bone development • Decrease probability of survival from serious illness.

9. Causes of vitamin A deficiency • The major cause is diets which include few animal sources of pre-formed vitamin A. • Breast milkof alactatingmother with vitamin A deficiency contains littlevitamin A, which provides a breast-fed child with too littlevitamin A.

10. Causes of vitamin A deficiency • In addition to dietary problems, there are other causes of vitamin A deficiency • Irondeficiency can affect vitamin A uptake. • Excess alcohol consumption can deplete vitamin A • A stressed liver may be more susceptible to vitamin A toxicity.

11. Hypervitaminosis A • Hypervitaminosis Arefers to the effects of excessivevitamin A) specifically retinoid) intake • Hypervitaminosis A occurs when the maximum limit for liver stores of retinoids is exceeded. • The excess vitamin A enters the circulation causing systemic toxicity. • Betacarotene (is an organic compound which is a strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits. β-Carotene is also the substance in carrots that colours them orange) a precursor of vitamin A, is selectively converted into retinoids, so it does not cause toxicity.

12. Retinoids • Theretinoidsare a class ofchemical compoundsthat are related chemically tovitamin A. • Retinoids are used in medicine, primarily due to the way they regulateepithelial cellgrowth. • Retinoids have many important and different functions throughout the body including • Roles invision • Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation • Growth ofbonetissue • Immune function • Activation oftumor suppressor genes.

13. Hypervitaminosis A • Signs of acute toxicity include • Nausea • Vomiting • Headache • Dizziness • Blurred vision • Loss of muscular coordination

14. Hypervitaminosis A Other effects • Birth defects • Liver problems • Skin discoloration • Hair loss • Excessive skin dryness • Angular cheilitis is an inflammatory lesion at the labial corner of the mouth, and often occurs bilaterally. The condition manifests as deep cracks or splits. In severe cases, the splits can bleed when the mouth is opened and shallow ulcers or a crust may form.