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Air

Air. Pollutants Policy Greenhouse Gases Control & Prediction. Primary CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide NO nitrous oxide NO2 nitrate SO2 sulfur dioxide PM particulate matter HC hydro-carbons. Secondary produced by reactions in the atmosphere SO3 HNOs H2SO4 H2O2 PAN’s

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Air

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  1. Air Pollutants Policy Greenhouse Gases Control & Prediction

  2. Primary CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide NO nitrous oxide NO2 nitrate SO2 sulfur dioxide PM particulate matter HC hydro-carbons Secondary produced by reactions in the atmosphere SO3 HNOs H2SO4 H2O2 PAN’s NO3, SO4 Salts Air Pollutants

  3. Air Pollutant 50% Carbon Monoxide 16% Sulfur Oxides 15% Volatile Organic Compounds 14% Nitrogen Oxides 5% Suspended Particulate Matter Source of Pollutants 49% Transportation 28% Electrical Utilities 13% Industrial 3% Solid Waste 7% Misc. Major Air Pollutants

  4. CO2 Fossil fuel burning HC Cars, Factory’s SO2 Power plants, Coal NOx: Cars, Fertilizers O3: Depletion by CFC’s O3: Cars Global Warming Stop deforestation Smog Use mass transit Acid Rain (wet/dry) Use natural gas, solar Smog UV / Sunburn Smog, health concerns Air Pollutants

  5. Chest Cavity Large PM expelled by bronchial tubes Visible PM easiest to capture with pollution control equipment easiest for public to see improvement Particle Size Visible greater than 1 micron Invisible less than 1 micron more damaging to lung tissues Human Impact(2 overheads)

  6. NAAQS & NAA • National Ambient Air Quality Standards • a measure of background pollution • how much the environment can assimilate and still remain healthy • Non-Attainment Areas • Class I: Can not have any increases • National Parks, mostly out west • Class II: Allows moderate growth of sources • Class III: Allows for significant development of new sources

  7. PSD’s & NSPS • Prevention of Significant Deterioration • clean up of current sources • prevent air from getting worse New Sources Performance Standards (NSPS) • don’t want to stop economic growth, • but don’t let new factory’s from add to the problem

  8. NESHAP’s & PSI • National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Pollutants (NESHAPS) • set standards for hazardous, man-made pollutants • Pollution Standards Index • report to the public on how ‘clean’ the air is • helps pressure industry to clean up • public health awareness from air pollution

  9. Determined background (natural) pollution levels NAAQS Controlling existing sources in polluted areas Class I Control new sources NSPS Prevent areas from getting worse PSD’s Regulate Primary Pollutants Regulate man-made toxic pollutants NESHAP’s CAA Stationary Sources

  10. Pollution Prevention Replace / Substitute • Levi Straus: blue cloth paper • Kodak: shredded paper • Hugh’s: lemon juice instead of CFC’s • Burn low sulfurAnthracite coal instead of high sulfurBituminous coal • Utilities: burn oil instead of coal

  11. Pollution Prevention Replace / Substitute • Hazardous Materials reductions • Natural Gas for use on buses & trucks • Emissions Trading Policy

  12. Pollution Control Reduce / Optimize • Flume: high temperature burner • Cyclone: vacuum sweeper • Bag-house: but when the bag breaks…? • Wet Scrubber: dirty water, now what…? • Electrostatic Precipitator: effective • Limestone Fluidized bed: alter composition • Tower: Electro. Precipitator + wet scrubber

  13. Pollution Reduction Recycle / Reuse • EGR valve on cars • CH4 in wastewater systems • Levi Straus: blue cloth paper • Kodak: shredded paper for shipping • Electric utilities use wastewater for coolant • St. Petersburg lawn water reuse

  14. 4 R’s = 4 P’s • Regulation = Polluter Pays Principle • Replace / Substitute = Pollution Prevention • Reduce / Optimize =Pollution Control • Recycle / Reuse = Pollution Reduction

  15. Acid Rain • Utilities & Factory’s • Electricity from turbines • Turbines run on steam • Steam produced by heat • Heat created by burning coal • Coal contains Sulfur • Combusted Sulfur reacts with water to form Sulfuric Acid (HSO3)

  16. Acid Rain • Sulfuric Acid (HSO3) falls to the ground as • Dry Deposition (dust, acidification) • Wet Deposition (Acid Rain) • Acidic water bodies can not support life • Lime Soils buffer & neutralize Acid Rain • In other soils, Acidic rain leaches metals out of the soil and make them bio-available • Metals bio-accumulate and become toxic

  17. Acid Rain: Cross Media Impact • Sulfuric Acid (HSO3) falls to the ground as • Dry Deposition (dust, acidification) • Wet Deposition (Acid Rain) • Acidic water bodies can not support life • Lime Soils buffer & neutralize Acid Rain • In other soils, Acidic rain leaches metals out of the soil and make them bio-available • Metals bio-accumulate and become toxic

  18. Atmosphere • Mesosphere • (overhead) • Stratosphere • Troposphere • Nitrogen 78% • Oxygen 21%

  19. Greenhouse Gases • SO2 Sulfur Dioxide: coal / electricity • CO2 Carbon Dioxide: people, fossil fuel • NOx Nitrous Oxide: fertilizer, fossil fuel, cars • also involved in ozone depletion

  20. Greenhouse Gases • CO Carbon Monoxide: cars • CH4 Methane: animals, biodegration • Pb Lead: 1970 - 1985 = 90% reduction • HC Hydrocarbons (VOC’s): fossil fuels • CFC’s Chloroflourocarbons: aerosols • mainly involved in ozone depletion

  21. Greenhouse Effect • CO2 • naturally occurring in Troposphere • is used by plants for photosynthesis • by-product of fossil fuel combustion • COx traps heat, keeps the Earth warm • Hawaii Statistics • Deforestation in Brazil & Asia • loss of plants taking in CO2 • what is the precautionary approach?

  22. Ozone Hole • Ozone located in the upper troposphere • Ozone filter UV radiation • CFC’s gobble up Ozone (1000 : 1) • Increase UV = Increase Skin Cancer • HFC’s substitute for CFC’s at minimal cost • Precautionary Approach to Management • we don’t know, & it isn’t costly: so be cautious

  23. PAN’s / SMOG(overhead) • NOx & COx produced by cars • Reacts with oxygen to produce Ozone • Ozone filters (captures) sunlight just like in stratosphere, but on dirt & dust particles • Particles cause haze “Smog” • Serious health hazard at high levels

  24. Atmospheric Patterns(diagrams) • Curiolis Effect • Pressure Zones • High & Low, Wind, Moisture • Urban Bubble - heat sink • Inversions • (Warm Sunny Days, Clear Cool Nights) • Nocturnal Inversion • Subsidence Inversion • Stagnation: Denver, Pgh, WVa

  25. Stationary Source Plumes(diagrams) • Adiabatic Expansion Rate • Mean Mixing depth • Coning Plume • Looping Plume • Fanning Plume • Trapping Plume • Fumigating Plume

  26. Dispersion Models • Linear • Box • Multi-box • Gaussian • Gaussian Mobile

  27. Mobile Sources • Trucks & Buses • Natural gas, big tanks, diesel • Trains & Planes • oil, electric, new engine designs: ACRID AIR • Cars • mufflers, EGR, fuel injection, catalytic converter, mpg, weight, SUV’s

  28. Air Pollution • What is regulated • What are the sources • What are the controls • Why are pollutants a health concern • Role of atmospheric conditions • Role of chemical reactions • Pre-cautionary principle

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