Analysis of Tufte Paper and Writing Effective Arguments

1. Class 11 • Visualization of data (cont’d) • Discussion of Tufte paper • Writing arguments discussion • Assignment • WA Ch 4: 9/27 • Assignment 7: Mary Jean Harrold

2. Visual and Statistical Thinking Mary Jean Harrold

3. Discussion of Tufte Paper • Why does Tufte say we look for causal explanations? • In presenting his argument about the cause of the cholera outbreak, Snow used what Tufte called clear logic of data display and analysis. List and briefly explain two aspects of this method. Mary Jean Harrold

4. Clear and Logical Display and Analysis • Place the data in an appropriate context for assessing cause and effect • Make quantitative comparisons—compared with what? • Consider alternative explanations and contrary cases—trying to get it right • Assess possible errors in the numbers reported in graphics. Mary Jean Harrold

5. Discussion of Tufte Paper (cont’d) • In discussing the charts presented by Morton-Thiokol engineers in their argument not to launch the Challenger, Tufte identified a number of problems. Mary Jean Harrold

6. Discussion of Tufte Paper (cont’d) • Tufte discusses right ways and wrong ways to show data, and uses the charts prepared for presentation to the presidential commission investigating the explosion as an example of “what not to do.” Mary Jean Harrold

7. Discussion of Tufte Paper (cont’d) • What was Tufte’s major complaint about the “experiment” performed before the presidential commission investigating the explosion by physicist Richard Feynman? What suggestion did he make about how it could have been done differently and more scientifically? Mary Jean Harrold

8. Discussion of Tufte Paper (cont’d) Most important lesson about the use of evidence for decision making: Story-telling, weak analogies, selective reporting, warped displays, and anecdotes are not enough. Reliable knowledge frows from evidence that is collected, analyzed, and displayed with some good comparisons in view. Mary Jean Harrold

9. Writing Arguments (Chapter 3) Mary Jean Harrold

10. Tips for Improving the Writing Process (1) • Where and how do you start to write an argument? • Who can make change, what are obstacles,…? • Exploratory will help • Discuss with others • How do you explore, research, rehearse? • Audience important • Why will your views be threatening to others, not agree, etc.? • Continue to discuss with others, especially those who don’t agree; use them as sounding board Mary Jean Harrold

11. Tips for Improving the Writing Process (2) • Outline is important • I sometimes start with a bunch of things I want to say somewhere but not sure where • I write them all down and then try to organize them • I then try to think of the flow of the argument or paper by writing a sentence that tells what a paragraph or section will contain • I then try to expand this • I try to talk to a colleague about my argument to see if he/she is convinced • Finally, I write a draft Mary Jean Harrold

12. Tips for Improving the Writing Process (3) • Rough draft (all about the flow of the argument) • Don’t worry about grammar, etc. at first—can polish later • What else? • How should you revise your paper (now think about grammar)? • Read out loud—mistakes show up easier • Spell and grammar • Get someone to proofread (difficult) • Understand that to get a good paper, it takes many iterations to revise, restructure, rewrite Mary Jean Harrold

13. WA: Using Exploratory Writing • Free writing or Blind Writing • Idea Mapping • Playing the Believing/Doubting Game • Believer: wholly sympathetic to the idea, listen carefully, identify all ways that idea might appeal to different audiences, and all reasons for believing the idea • Doubter: be judgmental and critical, find faults, find counterexamples and inconsistencies that undermine the idea Mary Jean Harrold

14. Class Exercise Name Claim: Violence on the Web and in computer games is responsible for shootings in schools? • Play the believing and doubting game with the above claim by free writing for five minutes trying to believe the claim and then for five minutes to doubt the claim OR • Make an idea map by creating a believing spoke and a doubting spoke off the main hub. Instead of free writing, enter ideas onto your idea map, moving back and forth between believing and doubting. Mary Jean Harrold

15. WA: Using Exploratory Writing • Brainstrorming for Pro/Con Because Clauses • State reasons for and against claim • Brainstrorming a Network of Related Issues • Identify related issues (sub issues, side issues, larger issues) Mary Jean Harrold

16. Group/Class Exercise Name Claim: ISP providers should be required by law to keep records on the real identify of all users. • Working with 2-3 others, generate pro and con because clauses supporting and attaching the claim. • Discuss because clauses with rest of class. • Now brainstorm about related issues (sub, side, larger) Mary Jean Harrold

17. Classical Argument Exordium (get audience attention) Narratio (provides needed background) Propositio (introduce speakers thesis) Partitio (forecasts the main parts of the speech) Homelier Terms Dramatic story or startling statistic Focus on issue—state as question, summarize opposing views Contextualize by providing background, explaining context, etc. Present thesis Forecasts argument’s structure Shaping Your Argument: Introduction Mary Jean Harrold

18. Classical Argument Confirmatio (presents writer’s position) Confutatio (refutes opposing views Peroratio (sums up argument, calls for actions, leaves strong lasting impression) Homelier Terms Main body of essay, present reasons and evidence supporting claims, tie reasons to audience’s values, beliefs, and assumptions; usually a paragraph for each Also refutes others claims, shows weakness in them, be fair and complete May put refute first, depending on audience Close, sum up, strong lasting impression, call for action Shaping Your Argument: Body, Conclusion Mary Jean Harrold

19. Discovering Ideas and Deepening Thinking Exploration and Rehearsal • What issue do you plan to address in this argument? • One sentence question • Reword in several ways • Select best one • Now write out your tentative answer to the question. • This is tentative answer • Write more than one; these will be alternative claims that others might consider • Why is this issue controversial? • Is there sufficient evidence to resolve the issue Mary Jean Harrold

20. Assignment 9 • Discuss assignment 9. Mary Jean Harrold