FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

1. 8 FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

2. FURTHER APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION • 8.4 • Applications to Economics and Biology • In this section, we will learn about: • Some applications of integration • to economics and biology.

3. CONSUMER SURPLUS • Recall from Section 4.7 that the demand function p(x) is the price a company has to charge in order to sell x units of a commodity. • Usually, selling larger quantities requires lowering prices. • So, the demand function is a decreasing function.

4. DEMAND CURVE • The graph of a typical demand function, called a demand curve, is shown. • If X is the amount of the commodity that is currently available, then P = p(X) is the current selling price.

5. CONSUMER SURPLUS • We divide the interval [0, X] into n subintervals, each of length ∆x = X/n. • Then,weletxi* = xibe the right endpoint of the i th subinterval.

6. CONSUMER SURPLUS • Suppose, after the first xi-1units were sold, a total of only xiunits had been available and the price per unit had been set at p(xi) dollars. • Then, the additional ∆x units could have been sold (but no more).

7. CONSUMER SURPLUS • The consumers who would have paid p(xi) dollars placed a high value on the product. • They would have paid what it was worth to them.

8. CONSUMER SURPLUS • Thus, in paying only P dollars, they have saved an amount of: • (savings per unit)(number of units) = [p(xi) - P] Δx

9. CONSUMER SURPLUS • Taking similar groups of willing consumers for each of the subintervals and adding the savings, we get the total savings:

10. CONSUMER SURPLUS • This sum corresponds to the area enclosed by the rectangles.

11. CONSUMER SURPLUS Definition 1 • If we let n → ∞, this Riemann sum approaches the integral • Economists call this the consumer surplusfor the commodity.

12. CONSUMER SURPLUS • The consumer surplus represents the amount of money saved by consumers in purchasing the commodity at price P, corresponding to an amount demanded of X.

13. CONSUMER SURPLUS • The figure shows the interpretation of the consumer surplus as the area under the demand curve and above the line p = P.

14. CONSUMER SURPLUS Example 1 • The demand for a product, in dollars, is • Find the consumer surplus when the sales level is 500.

15. CONSUMER SURPLUS Example 1 • The number of products sold is X = 500. • So, the corresponding price is:

16. CONSUMER SURPLUS Example 1 • So, from Definition 1, the consumer surplus is:

17. BLOOD FLOW • In Example 7 in Section 3.7, we discussed the law of laminar flow:

18. LAW OF LAMINAR FLOW • This gives the velocity v of blood that flows along a blood vessel with radius R and length lat a distance r from the central axis, where • P is the pressure difference between the ends of the vessel. • ηis the viscosity of the blood.

19. BLOOD FLOW • Now, in order to compute the rate of blood flow, or flux(volume per unit time), we consider smaller, equally spaced radii r1, r2, …

20. BLOOD FLOW • The approximate area of the ring (or washer) with inner radius ri-1 and outer radius ri is:

21. BLOOD FLOW • If Δr is small, then the velocity is almost constant throughout this ring and can be approximated by v(ri).

22. BLOOD FLOW • Therefore, the volume of blood per unit time that flows across the ring is approximately

23. BLOOD FLOW • The total volume of blood that flows across a cross-section per unit time is approximately

24. BLOOD FLOW • The approximation is illustrated here. • Notice that the velocity (and hence the volume per unit time) increases toward the center of the blood vessel. • The approximation gets better as n increases.

25. FLUX • When we take the limit, we get the exact value of the flux(or discharge). • This is the volume of blood that passes a cross-section per unit time.

26. BLOOD FLOW

27. POISEUILLE’S LAW Equation 2 • The resulting equation • is called Poiseuille’s Law. • It shows that the flux is proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the blood vessel.

28. CARDIAC OUTPUT • The figure shows the human cardiovascular system.

29. CARDIAC OUTPUT • Blood returns from the body through the veins, enters the right atrium of the heart, and is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries for oxygenation.

30. CARDIAC OUTPUT • Then, it flows back into the left atrium (through the pulmonary veins) and then out to the rest of the body (through the aorta).

31. CARDIAC OUTPUT • The cardiac output of the heart is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time, that is, the rate of flow into the aorta.

32. DYE DILUTION METHOD • The dye dilution methodis used to measure the cardiac output.

33. DYE DILUTION METHOD • Dye is injected into the right atrium and flows through the heart into the aorta.

34. DYE DILUTION METHOD • A probe inserted into the aorta measures the concentration of the dye leaving the heart at equally spaced times over a time interval [0, T ] until the dye has cleared.

35. DYE DILUTION METHOD • Let c(t) be the concentration of the dye at time t. • Let’s divide [0, T ] into subintervals of equal length Δt. • Then, the amount of dye that flows past the measuring point during the subinterval from t = ti-1to t = ti is approximately (concentration)(volume) = c(ti)(FΔt) where F is the rate of flow we are trying to determine.

36. DYE DILUTION METHOD • Thus, the total amount of dye is approximately • Letting n → ∞, we find that the amount of dye is:

37. DYE DILUTION METHOD Formula 3 • Thus, the cardiac output is given by • where the amount of dye A is known and the integral can be approximated from the concentration readings.

38. CARDIAC OUTPUT Example 2 • A 5-mg bolus of dye is injected into a right atrium. The concentration of the dye (in milligrams per liter) is measured in the aorta at one-second intervals, as shown. • Estimate the cardiac output.

39. CARDIAC OUTPUT Example 2 • Here, A = 5, Δt = 1, and T = 10.

40. CARDIAC OUTPUT Example 2 • We use Simpson’s Rule to approximate the integral of the concentration:

41. CARDIAC OUTPUT Example 2 • Thus, Formula 3 gives the cardiac output to be: