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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Learn about the central and peripheral nervous system, brain, spinal cord, neuron functions, impulses, stimulus, reflex actions, and more in a detailed guide.

williamephillips
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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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  1. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  2. The Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Ganglia

  3. Sensory Neuron (afferent) Carry electrical impulses from sense organs to the C.N.S Cell body is outside C.N.S in ganglia Motor Neuron (efferent) Carry electrical impulses from the C.N.S to effector (muscle/Gland) Cell body inside C.N.S Neuron = Nerve cell

  4. Interneurons • Occur in the C.N.S only • May connect sensory to motor neurons

  5. Direction of impulse

  6. Diagrams • Draw diagram of sensory neuron and interneuron into notes

  7. Functions of parts • Dendrites – receive information and carry electrical impulses towards the cell body • Axons – carry impulses away from a cell body • Cell body – contains a nucleus and it forms neurotransmitter chemicals • Myelin sheath – is a fat rich material that insulates electrical impulses • Schwann cells – form myelin sheath • Neurotransmitter swellings (vesicles) – produce neurotransmitter chemicals.

  8. Dendron – brings impulse to the cell body • Nodes of Ranvier – are gaps in the myelin sheath. Electrical impulse ‘jumps’ from one gap to the next •  Speeds up transmission of impulse

  9. Stimulus • A change in the neurons environment that, if strong enough, will generate an impulse e.g. red light at traffic lights

  10. Movement of an Impulse • Impulses travels along an neuron in the form of an electrical impulse • In order for the impulse to travel it is necessary for ions to move in and out of dendrites and axons • The movement of ions requires energy in the form of ATP

  11. Threshold level • The minimum intensity of stimulus needed to generate an impulse • It does not matter if the stimulus is above the required strength the same message is sent • Message sent in all neurons is the same All or nothing Law – an impulse is only generated if the stimulus is at or above the threshold.

  12. Functions of parts • Cerebrum – major sensory and motor control, language, memory, intelligence and consciousness. • Cerebellum – muscle co-ordination, movement and balance.

  13. Functions of parts • Medulla oblongata – regulates breathing and heart rate. • Hypothalmus – overall body homeostasis osmoregulation, temperature control regulates hormone secretion by the pituitary gland. • Pituitary gland – master gland - secretes 8 hormones which control other glands in the body

  14. The Spinal Cord • Bones of the backbone enclose the spinal cord. It carries impulses to and from the brain. • It is also involved in many reflex actions

  15. T.S. of spinal cord

  16. Functions of parts • The Meninges – are membranes that surround (the brain) and Spinal cord. • Spinal nerves – 31 pairs of spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord. • Dorsal root – carries impulses into the spinal cord along sensory neurons. • Ganglion – (pl. Ganglia) located on the dorsal root is a swelling that contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

  17. Functions of parts • White matter – contains axons • Grey matter – contains cell bodies and dendrites. • Central canal – contains cerebrospinal fluid. • Ventral root – contains motor neurons that carry impulses out of the spinal cord

  18. Reflex Action A reflex action is an automatic, unconscious or involuntary response to a stimulus. The brain is NOT involved in reflex actions Examples – knee jerk reaction, blinking for protection, raising your hands when falling Significance/Benefit allows faster responses than normal

  19. REFLEX ACTION --- The Reflex Arc

  20. The path of a reflex action • The path taken by a reflex action is called a reflex arc. Example : Dropping a hot object • Receptors in finger detect hot object • Impulse travels along sensory neuron to spinal cord • Impulse travels into spine via dorsal root • In the spinal cord the impulse splits

  21. The path of a reflex action • It crosses a synapse onto an interneuron • It crosses another synapse and passes on up to the brain. • From the interneuron the impulse crosses another synapse and travels out of the ventral root along a motor neuron • The motor neuron connects to a muscle to a

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