The Second Industrial Revolution

1. The Second Industrial Revolution

2. Second Industrial Revolution • A time period when production grew especially in the steel and oil industries. • Created advances in technology and transportation and the Railroad

3. Making Steel • Bessemer Process: • Made steel making faster and cheaper • 1873-115,000 tons of steel • 1920-24 million tons • US became the world’s top producer of steel. • Turned the US into a modern industrial economy

4. Railroad expand • Congress authorized two companies to build Rail lines to the West Coast • Union Pacific and Central Pacific • Worked on the Transcontinental Railroad for 6 years

5. May 10, 1869 • Two rail lines met at Promontory Summit in Utah Territory, linking the east and the west • What it did • Promoted Trade • Provided Jobs • Sped up Settlement • New Town sprang up • Adoption of Standard Time

6. Reading a Time Zone Map • Complete the Activity-15 points

7. Central Pacific Workers

8. Central Pacific • had to carve out a rail bed across the Sierra Nevadas. The first year, it lay 31 miles of track; after two years, it had only put down 50 miles. • The Central Pacific also faced an acute labor shortage. • In the winter of 1864, the company had only 600 laborers at work, a small fraction of the 5,000 for which it had advertised. • And these workers were unreliable: "Some would stay until pay day, get a little money, get drunk and clear out," a superintendent said.

9. Here come the Chinese….. • In February, 1865, the Central Pacific decided to try a new labor pool. • Charles Crocker, chief of construction persuaded his company to employ Chinese immigrants, arguing that the people who build the Great Wall of China and invented gunpowder could certainly build a railroad.

10. The Central Pacific's Chinese immigrant workers received just $26-$35 a month for a 12-hour day, 6-day work week and had to provide their own food and tents. • White workers received about $35 a month and were furnished with food and shelter. • These workers quickly earned a reputation as tireless and extraordinarily reliable workers--"quiet, peaceable, patient, industrious, and economical." • Within two years, 12,000 of the Central Pacific railroad's 13,500 employees were Chinese immigrants.

11. The Work • The work was grueling, performed almost entirely by hand. With pickaxes, hammers, and crowbars, workers chipped out rail beds. • Dirt and rock were carried away in baskets and carts. Tree stumps had to be rooted out, tracks laid, spikes driven, and aqua ducts and tunnels constructed.

12. Cities X

13. How Cities Grew • Before the Civil War cities were small. Most people walked wherever they needed to go • The horse-drawn carriage allowed people to move out of the cites to the suburbs, or residential communities surrounding the cities After the civil War Cities changed with • Motorized transportation • Elevated trains • Subway trains • Buildings became taller too. X

14. Bessemer Converter 1859 - Henry Bessemer & William Kelley invent the process boosting production of steel • Made steel-making faster and cheaper • Technique involved injecting air into molten iron, which removed the carbon and sparked it fiery transformation into steel. • Manufactures could produce quality steel from scrap metal as well as from raw materials. X

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16. Steel is King • Because steel was stronger and more durable than iron, it led to other technical advances – • train tracks • Skyscrapers • Bridges ex: Brooklyn Bridge • Taller skyscrapers = more offices = larger profit!

18. Refining Processes in the United States Oil Steel Effects on Industry • provided a strong, inexpensive source of building material • allowed the expansion of the railroad industry • allowed the construction of sophisticated machinery, bridges, tall buildings, etc Effects on Industry •resulted in the production of kerosene for fuel or light • allowed the manufacturing of other important industrial petroleum products • helped machinery operate Invention & Innovation X

19. The Rise of Big Business • Entrepreneurs: risk takers who started new ventures within the economic system • Capitalism: most businesses are privately owned • Social Darwinism: members of a species compete for survival

21. John D. Rockefeller • 1870 - Formed the Standard Oil Company • He knew that oil was useless unless refined – so he began to buy-up refineries • by 1879 he controlled 90% of American refining (monopoly) • Rockefeller often used ruthless methods to eliminate competition • Time of death in 1937 worth 1.4 billion

23. Andrew Carnegie • ) • Scottish immigrant (13 yrs old) who worked in a textile mill for $1.20 a week and invested every penny into steel • True example of “rags to riches” stories of the American Dream • controlled the steel industry X

24. Andrew Carnegie • Rose to the top of the steel business • 1900 – Carnegie produced ¼ of the nation’s steel = $25 million • 1901 sold his company for $480 million and retired • He built libraries and financed Education

25. Andrew Carnegie Baseball Card • Design a baseball card listing what he did in his life. • Include facts from the video and reading.. • Must have at least 6 points about his life.

26. “Robber Barons” Business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public They drained the country of its natural resources They ruthlessly drove their competitors to ruin They paid their workers meager wages and forced them to toil under dangerous and unhealthful conditions “Captains of Industry” They increased the supply of goods by building factories They raised productivity and expanded markets They created jobs that enabled many Americans to buy new goods and raise their standard of living They also created museums, libraries, and universities, many of which still serve the public today Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? X

27. Sherman Antitrust Act • Government grew uneasy about the power of corporations • 1890 Congress passed • Made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade • Act was ineffective, since the government prosecuted only a few companies

28. Early Labor Unions • Became strong after the Civil War • Provided assistance to members in bad times • Later expressed workers’ demands to employers

29. The Knights of Labor • A national union • Recruited skilled and unskilled workers, women, and African Americans • Emphasized education and social reform

30. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Led by Samuel Gompers • Was a craft union of skilled workers • A bread and butter union • Used collective bargaining as a strategy

31. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • Known as “The Wobblies” • Organized unskilled workers • Had radical socialist leaders • Many violent strikes.

32. Many employers disliked and feared unions. Some took steps to stop unions, such as: • forbidding union meetings • firing union organizers • forcing new employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts, making them promise never to join a union or participate in a strike • refusing to bargain collectively when strikes did occur • refusing to recognize unions as their workers’ legitimate representatives X

33. Great Railroad Strike of 1877 • Railway workers protested unfair wage cuts and unsafe working conditions • The strike was violent and unorganized • President Hayes sent federal troops to put down the strikes • From then on, employers relied on federal and state troops to repress labor unrest X

34. The Haymarket Riot-1886 • On May 1, groups of workers mounted a national demonstration for an eight-hour workday • On May 3, police broke up a fight between strikers and scabs. (A scab is a negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers.) • Union leaders called a protest rally on the evening of May 4 in Chicago’s Haymarket Square • A group of anarchists, radicals who oppose all government, joined the strikers • At the event, someone threw a bomb that killed a police officer. • The riot that followed killed dozens on both sides • Investigators never found the bomb thrower, yet eight anarchists were tried for conspiracy to commit murder. Four were hanged X

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36. Picture Questions • Tell me 10 things that you see going on in the picture.