Biomolecules The chemistry of life

1. BiomoleculesThe chemistry of life

2. Mono – one, single Di – two, double Poly – many, much Hydro – water (think: hydrate) Bio – related to life (think: Biology is the study of life) Macro- large (think: Big Mac) De- to remove Lysis- break apart (think: Lysol breaks down germs) Saccharide- sugar Synthesis- the make new, form Knowing Word Parts can help you remember big words in Biochem…

3. So what are Macromolecules? • Living cells are made of many large molecules called macromolecule (remember Big Mac so Macro just means they are Big Molecules. • Because they are necessary for life, they also sometimes called biomolecules. The word Organic also means living so you may even see them called Organic Molecules. • Biomolecules are big stuctures that are made from many smaller units (or building blocks) called monomers. Monomers are the lego pieces that when put together make a big macromolecule.

4. There are 4 Main Biomolecules Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids

5. How do we make Biomolecules? • When we are growing, we need to make new big macromolecules for our body. We do this by putting the building blocks we have in our body already together. • Remember MONOMER means one part so it is ONE LEGO PIECE. When we have put a bunch of them together, we have created a POLYMER which means many parts, basically a whole LEGO Castle! • Monomers join together to form polymers by removing water. When you pull the water out, it allows the two parts to join together. This process is called dehydration synthesis. • Animation VOCAB WORD VOCAB WORD

6. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS When joining two monomers together, you remove the H from one monomer and the OH from another monomer. This forms water that is removed and the two monomers join together during their loss. Remember: to dehydrate means to remove water and synthesis means to make something… so it just means making something by removing water VOCAB WORD

7. How do we break down biomolecules? We also have to be able to break down biomolecules into their building blocks. Think about digestion! You eat a hamburger which is full of protein, carbohydrates and fats. You want to break those all down so you can use the building blocks to build new muscles and get energy. The breaking down of biomolecules is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. So we are basically un-doing what we did. So if we had to remove water to make it, we are going to have to add the water back to break them apart. The process of adding water to a polymer to break it back into monomers is called HYDROLYSIS. VOCAB WORD

8. OPPOSITE PROCESSES Dehydration Synthesis / Hydrolysis Demo

9. CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS & STARCHES http://www.brainpop.com/health/nutrition/carbohydrates/

10. CARBOHYDRATES ARE MADE UP OF… CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio

11. Making Carbohydrates • You need three sugar molecules and one water drop. • Color one sugar the color of your choice. This is your monomer. Glue this down in your notebook. • Name your sugar monomer.— your name must end in “–ose” . • You will now join (bond) the two monomers together by cutting off an –H– from one molecule and an –OH– from another and gluing the 2 molecules together in your notebook. This is your polymer. • Color your water drop blue. Color your polymer. • Now take the trimmed H-O-H, affix it to the water drop, and glue the water drop onto the bond.

12. The Monomer for Carbodrates is… A MONOSACCHARIDE (meaning 1 Sugar) VOCAB WORD EXAMPLES:

13. BUILDING WITH MONOSACCHARIDES(Dehydration Synthesis at work) • When 2 monosaccharides come together, they make a DISACCHARIDE (meaning 2 sugars) • When many monosaccharides come together, they make a POLYSACCHARIDE (meaning many sugars) EXAMPLE VOCAB WORD Every time two monomers come together, water is removed EXAMPLE Video Link

14. STARCH IS BASICALLY A LOT OF SUGAR JOINED TOGETHER STARCH Glucose

15. The function of Carbohydrates is… Main source of ENERGY We use monosaccharides for energy. Think about a Sugar High- consuming carbohydrates gives you an immediate intake of energy. Other Functions: Plants contain • cellulose- the major component of cell walls. • Starch – the main storage material in plants. Animals contain glycogen – the main form of storage. VOCAB WORD

16. Carbohydrates in your Diet… We get carbohydrates from our food • Sugars found in fruits, honey and sugar cane are simple carbohydrates- either monosaccharides (1 sugar) and disaccharides (2 sugars). -These have a sweet taste -They provide a quick immediate energy source because they are already broken down -We use them up quickly so they do not provide long lasting energy and are easier to convert to fat. • Starches found in grains, potatoes, and veggies are complex carbohydrates, or polysaccharides (many sugars). -These do not taste sweet -These take longer to break down so provide longer lasting energy

17. The Anti-Carb Myth There are a lot of diet programs that have been popular that encourage removing carbohydrates from your diet. In fact, you need carbs for energy! Removing them makes your body work much harder to get energy (by breaking down fat). In the short run, it may remove some fat but will cause you to be run down and not have enough energy. Most people do eat too many carbohydrates, especially simple or refined ones. Eating whole grains and vegetables- healthy carbs- is the better option. Not removing completely!

18. LIPIDS FATS, OILS and WAXES http://www.brainpop.com/health/nutrition/fats/

19. LIPDS ARE MADE UP OF… Mainly Carbon and Hydrogen (with some Oxygen too)

20. THE MONOMER FOR LIPIDS IS… 3 FATTY ACIDS and 1 GLYCEROLThey come together (through Dehydration Synthesis) to make a LIPID. VOCAB WORD MONOMERS You will sometimes hear Lipids called ‘Triglycerides’ for the 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

21. Making Lipids • You need one glycerol molecule, three fatty acids and three water drops. • Color the glycerol a color of your choice. • Color the water drops blue. • Color the Fatty Acids three different colors. • Take one glycerol molecule and three saturated fatty acid molecules and join them by cutting off an –H– from one molecule and an –OH– from another and gluing the two molecules together forming an ester bond. • Take the trimmed H-O-H, affix it to the water drop, and tape the water drop onto each ester bond.

22. STRUCTURE OF LIPIDS The fatty acid tails of the triglyceride are hydrophobic (they repel water). The tails make lipids insoluble (not able to dissolve) in water. *** If the fatty acids have at least one double bond (=) in the carbon chain they are unsaturated. glycerol 3 fatty acid chains

23. THE FUNCTION OF LIPIDS… • Fats STORE ENERGY for later use. The purpose of fat is to have energy on hold for if you have a period without access to food. That stored fat also provides insulation which keeps us warm and our organs protected. HIBERNATION CLIP • Lipids have other roles as well: -Part of the Cell Membrane (lipid bilayer) -Waterproof coverings -Steroids and Hormones (messengers in the body) VOCAB WORD

24. SATURATED VS UNSATURATED FATS

25. FATS IN YOUR DIET • Fats or lipids, are an important part of a healthy diet. When you eat more food than you need, the body converts it to fat. That food provides insulation and protection as well as back up energy. • Your body needs certain fatty acids, called essential fatty acids, to produce cell membranes, myelin sheaths, and certain hormones. Fatty acids also help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins • While carbohydrates and proteins have only 4 calories per gram, Lipids are higher in calorie with 9 calories per gram. • Excess fat stored on the body is associated with many increased health risks.

26. NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA

27. NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE MADE UP OF… Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus

28. The Monomer for Nucleic Acids is a NUCLEOTIDE VOCAB WORD • Each nucleotide has 3 parts: • SUGAR (either ribose or deoxyribose) • Phosphate Group • Nitrogen Base

29. From Nucleotides to Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides join together to make nucleic acids. • The phosphates and sugars bond to make a backbone. In RNA this is the only bonding. In DNA, because it is double stranded, two bases also join in the middle RNA DNA Dehydration Synthesis Clip

30. The Function of Nucleic Acids STORE AND TRANSMIT GENETIC OR HERIDITARY INFORMATION DNA is the “blueprint for life” and RNA is essentially a copy of it used for making proteins. VOCAB WORD

31. PROTEINS YOUR BODY BUILDERS AND MORE

32. PROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF… • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen

33. The Monomer for Proteins is VOCAB WORD AMINO ACIDS There are exactly 20 different amino acids. Think of them like beads on a string. Which beads you put on and in which order determines the necklace (protein).

34. AMINO ACID STRUCTURE All Amino Acids have the same amino and carboxyl groups The R group is unique to each amino acid. It is what makes it different from other amino acids.

35. Beads on a Strand: Polypeptides Amino Acids are monomers and they come together to make the polymer (a protein) by the process of Dehydration Synthesis. Two Amino Acids together can be called a Dipeptide and many amino acids together can be called a Polypeptide.

36. Function of Proteins VOCAB WORD • PROTEINS HAVE A DIVERSE RANGE OF IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS: • Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. We call these Enzymes (and we will be learning more about these soon!) • Some are used to grow and repair skin, bones and muscles (this is why body builders drink protein shakes, to give more building blocks to add muscle tissue) • Other transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease. (This is the job of a very important type of proteins, Antibodies). • You also have a protein called Albumin that is your blood plasma keeping fluid in your blood vessels, proteins that prevent blood from clotting and you have various proteins that transport things throughout your body.

37. Proteins in Your Diet • It is important to have enough protein in your body because proteins provide the raw materials for growth and repair of structures, like skin and muscle. • Your body can only make 12 of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins, the other 8 are called essential amino acids and must be obtained from food. • Meat, fish, eggs, and milk usually contain all 8 essential amino acids. • Like carbohydrates, proteins have 4 calories per gram. We do not use proteins as an energy source though, unless we have already used the carbohydrates and lipids available. Proteins are for growth and repair, not energy.