LCD720 – 05/06/09

1. LCD720 – 05/06/09 New directions in teaching pronunciation Pronunciation in the curriculum

2. Announcement • Homework assignment • Graded hw on interfaces due today • Lesson plan / final paper • Due next week (May 13, 6:30pm) • Questions at the end of class • Course evaluations • http://www.qc.cuny.edu/courseevaluation • See info on Blackboard and my webpage

3. Issues in implementation Today • Techniques • Curriculum • Assessment and evaluation

4. Traditional techniques • What techniques have we discussed so far? • Using the International Phonetic Alphabet • Listening discrimination • What else?

5. Other techniques and strategies • Multisensory teaching • Authentic materials • Fluency building • Techniques from psychology and drama • Using technology in pronunciation teaching (in two weeks)

6. Multisensory teaching • Using other modes to represent sounds • Use of color in Silent Way • Use of hand gestures to visualize intonation contours • What else?

7. Multisensory teaching • Using other modes to represent sounds • Visual/auditory reinforcement • Tactile reinforcement • Kinesthetic reinforcement

8. Authentic materials • Authentic materials • Magazines, cartoons, advertisements • Jokes, anecdotes • Music, clips from TV • Why use authentic materials? • Can be more interesting; relate to real life • More up-to-date • How to use these materials • Spelling-sound correspondence: “Shopping for sounds” • Vowels or homophones: jokes

9. Fluency building • Fluency vs. accuracy • Goal: Practicing pronunciation to achieve automaticity using communicative exercises • Speaking about the same topic repeatedly and/or speaking about a range of topics • Speaking in a challenging and interesting setting • Discussion wheel (game) • Personal collage

10. Fluency building • Characteristics of fluency and dysfluency Dysfluent speech • Long pauses • Many pauses; short fluent runs • Lack of prominence and clear intonation patterns • Hesitations, repetitions, corrections Fluent speech • Quick responses in conversations • Something to say on any topic • Fast speech rate • Often trade-off with accuracy

11. Techniques from drama Role play • Dialogues • Interviews “in character” • Your opinion: Are more readily able to pronounce English in a target-like manner when they assume a role? Why? Shadowing • Repeating speech simultaneously with the speaker • Or mirroring: also repeat the speakers gestures, eye movements, body posture • What can students learn from shadowing?

12. Discussion • What challenges do teachers face when using authentic materials? • In what ways does fluency building seem like a valid undertaking for pronunciation teachers? What reservations might teachers and students of pronunciation have about fluency exercises? How might these reservations be overcome?

13. Curriculum

14. Variables that influencethe language curriculum • Learner variables • … • Setting / language community • … • School / institutional variables • … • Target language • … • Methodology • …

15. Variables that influencethe language curriculum • Learner variables • Age, proficiency level, cultural background • Aptitude, learning style • Prior exposure, prior instruction • Knowledge of other languages • Motivation, educational/occupational needs • Setting / language community • Second/foreign language • Mono/multilingual

16. Variables that influencethe language curriculum • School / institutional variables • Teacher: knowledge of phonetics/phonology, motivation, accent • Curriculum and materials; audiovisual facilities; availability of tutor; class size • Target language • “Distance” from first language: segmental, suprasegmental • Methodology • E.g. Audiolingualism vs. Communicative Approach

17. Objectives • Selecting objectives • You can’t teach everything • What has priority? • Sequencing objectives • You can’t teach everything at once • What will be taught first? What should/can wait? • Needs, frequency, teachability • E.g., you can’t teach the plural noun allomorphs /z, s, əz/, if the students can’t distinguish /s/-/z/ • Presentation of objectives • What teaching techniques will be used?

18. Reflection • How do learner variables influence the selection of teaching objectives? • How would foreign vs. second language setting influence your syllabus design?

19. Case study Low-proficiency adult immigrant students with emerging literacy skills • Description of the population, setting, etc. • Objectives • Selection • Arrangement/sequencing • Presentation • Application to other populations

20. Case study - Description Low-proficiency adult immigrant students with emerging literacy skills • Linguistically and culturally mixed • Mostly Spanish and Hmong • Recent arrivals • No L1 literacy; emerging or L2 literacy • Prior instruction limited to ‘listen and repeat’ • 25-40 students per class; open entry, open exit • Whole language approach; life skills and basic linguistic skills • Student-produced and authentic materials

21. Case study - Objectives Low-proficiency adult immigrant students with emerging literacy skills • Numbers and letters • Phone number, address, name • Perception and production of certain vowels and consonants • Initial and final consonant clusters when reading • Linking and blending when reading • Rising and rising/falling intonation when reading

22. Case study - Selection Low-proficiency adult immigrant students with emerging literacy skills • Whole-language approach: no predetermined agenda • Error analysis of students’ output • Focus on intelligibility, rather than accuracy • Focus on literacy: • Focus on segmentals at word level • Focus on suprasegmentals at phrase and sentence level

23. Case study - Sequencing Low-proficiency adult immigrant students with emerging literacy skills • Guided by student errors • Word reading before sentence reading • Segmentals before suprasegmentals

24. Case study - Presentation Low-proficiency adult immigrant students with emerging literacy skills • Creating “word bank” of new words in text • Segmentals: • Articulators (lips, tongue, teeth) • Choral and individual “listen and repeat” • Reading in pairs, teacher circulating • Suprasegmentals: Linking, blending and intonation • Teacher reads text as model • Students repeat chorally, phrase by phrase

25. Case study - Application Low-proficiency adult immigrant students with emerging literacy skills • Applicable to other literacy courses • If the population is more homogenous, the students’ needs will be more defined • E.g., parents or factory workers

26. Case study • Form groups of two or three (not more!) • Choose and define a population that you have taught or expect to teach • Describe the population in terms of age, proficiency, prior instruction, etc. • Design a pronunciation course. Include info about: • Objectives • Selection • Arrangement/sequencing • Presentation • Application to other populations • Hand in at end of class. Will be posted on Blackboard.

27. Questions about lesson plan / final paper?

28. Next week • Read Chapters 11 and 12 • Lesson plan / final paper due • May 13, 6:30pm