THE FIRST WORLD WAR

1. THE FIRST WORLD WAR

2. INTRO to WWI: • "The Great War was without precedent ... never had so many nations taken up arms at a single time. Never had the battlefield been so vast… never had the fighting been so gruesome...“ • "World War I marked the first use of chemical weapons, the first mass bombardment of civilians from the sky, and the century's first genocide..."

3. (1) Nationalism — A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation. This led to competition and rivalry among nations. (2) Imperialism--- Extending economic and political control over various peoples of the world. This led to conflicts among countries. 3) Militarism---meant building up armies, navies, and other armed forces. It also meant using them as a tool for negotiating with other countries (diplomacy). (4) The Alliance system---Some countries in Europe had made treaties promising to defend each other. These mutual-defense treaties placed European countries in two main groups: The Allies (Triple Entente) were made up of France, Great Britain, and Russia. The Central Powers (Triple Alliance) were made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). Causes of WWI(graphic organizer)4 Main Factors led to Outbreak of WWI

4. What is it called when one honors and promotes one's own nation above all others? Answer--Nationalism

5. What is it called when one country builds up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war? Answer--Militarism

6. What was the name of the WWI grouping of Great Britain, France and Russia? Answer--Allies

7. What was the group of nations led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)? Answer—Central Powers

8. Answer—World War I Which European war (1914-1918) was also known as the Great War and the War to End All Wars?

9. An Assassination Leads to War(Click on map:http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/index.html • In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated (heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary) • His killer was a Serb who wanted to unite all Serbs (including those in Austria-Hungary) under one government. • This touched off an action to punish Serbia. • The alliance system pulled one nation after another into the conflict. • If a nation had sworn to protect another, it had to declare war on that nation’s enemies. • Germany and Austria-Hungary were facing France, Great Britain, and Russia. • “ One thing leads to another….”

10. The assassination of which individual sparks the beginning of WWI? Answer--- Archduke Franz Ferdinand Of Austria-Hungary

11. One Things Leads to Another…. • June 14: assassination of Archduke Ferdinand & his wife • July 28: Serbia rejects Austria’s ultimatum…(justice against assassins) • July 28: Austria declares war • August 1: Germany declares war on Russia and France • August 3: Germany invades Belgium and Britain declares war on Germany. • France declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany

12. The Fighting Begins…. • August 13: Germany invades Belgium known as theSchlieffen Plan: • Germany began by invading Belgium. • It planned to overrun France and then to attack Russia. • The British and French could not save Belgium. • They did, however, manage to stop Germany’s advance. • By the spring of 1915, two lines of deep trenches had developed in France.

13. “No Man’s Land” and Trench Warfare • Germans occupied one line. • The Allies occupied the other line. • Between the two lines lay “no man’s land.” • The soldiers would climb out of their trenches and try to overrun enemy lines. • They did this while facing machine gun fire and poison gas. • This bloody trench warfare continued for more than three years. • Neither side gained territory, but more than one million soldiers died.

14. Map of Schlieffen Plan

16. What is the military operation in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches? Answer—Trench Warfare

18. French Trench

20. Verdun

21. Verdun

26. 1. Why did countries sign treaties w/one another? 2. What were the 2 alliances formed? 3. Why was it called the Great War? 4. How long did the war last? 5. What was “No Man’s Land?” 6. How did technology change the war? 7.What was life like in the trenches?

27. In 1914, America saw no reason to join a war 3,000 miles….what finally caused U.S. to enter in 1917?

28. Americans Question Neutrality • In the U.S. public opinion about the war was strong but divided. What were the different opinions? • Socialists saw the war as an imperialist struggle between German and English businessmen. • Pacifistsbelieved that all wars were bad. They urged the United States to set an example for peace. • Many other Americans simply did not want to send their sons to war. • Many naturalizedU.S. citizens still had ties to the countries they came from (i.e. Germany) • Americans tended to sympathize with Great Britain and France. • Common language and heritage with Britain. • Horrified at Germany’s brutal attack on Belgium. • “Germany was the bully of Europe” • And they had strong economic ties with the Allies.

29. Finally….The War Hits Home • Americans mobilized for war against Central Powers for 2 reason: • to ensure Allied repayment of debts to the U.S. • to prevent the Germans from threatening U.S. shipping. • the war affected American shipping. • Great Britain set up a blockade along the German coast to keep goods from getting through. • American ships would not challenge Britain’s blockade. • German U-boats (submarines) attacked ships from all nations. • A U-boat sank the British ship Lusitania, killing more than a thousand people, including 128 Americans. (Controversy…..warning by Germans?)

30. WWI Timeline Recap (1915)

31. WWI German U-boat Unterseeboot (under sea boat)

32. WWI Timeline Continued

33. Lusitania departed Pier 54 in New York on 1 May 1915. The German Embassy in Washington had issued this warning on 22 April.[8] • NOTICE! • TRAVELLERS intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on the ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. • IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY,Washington, D.C. April 22, 1915

34. What is the British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915? AnswerLusitania

35. The United States Declares War • 3 incidents brought the U.S. into the war. • First, in January 1917, Germany announced it would sink all ships in British waters on sight whether they were hostile or neutral. • Second, British agents interceptedthe Zimmermann note, a telegram that proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the U.S. • Third, the replacement of the Russian monarchy with a representative government allowed American to characterize the war as a struggle of democracies against brutal monarchies. • RESULT???-----On April 6, 1917, at President Wilson’s request, Congress declared war on Germany.

36. ORIGINAL MESSAGE BELOW

38. DECODED MESSAGE ABOVE

39. What was the message sent by German foreign minister proposing German-Mexican Alliance? AnswerZimmerman Note

40. VIDEO CLIP: The War Comes to the U.S. History in Focus 1910-1919

41. America Mobilizes….Ready for a Showdown • When war was declared, only about 200,000 men were in service in U.s. • RESULT---Congress passed the Selective Service Act. (May 1917) • Required men to register with the gov’t so that they could be randomly selected for military service. • This process — called the draft — put about 3 million men in uniform. • Many African Americans served in the military. • They were placed in separate units, but some blacks were trained as officers. • Blacks were among the first to receive the French honor of the Croix de Guerre. • Women were not drafted…not allowed. • But the navy accepted women in non-combatpositions. • Woman served as nurses, secretaries, and telephone operators.

43. Video Clip: Role of African-Americans during WWI

44. What was the 1917 law that required men to register for military service? AnswerSelective Service Act

45. America Turns the Tide • To reduce the loss of ships to German submarine attacks, the U.S. and Britain began to use the convoy system. • In this system, merchant ships traveled in a large group guarded by naval vessels. • American soldiers helped turn the tide of battle in Europe. • The Allies had absorbed many casualties and were running out of men. • Thousands of fresh American soldiers were eager for battle.

46. What is the system called that protects merchant ships from U-boats by having ships travel in large groups escorted by warships? Answer-Convoy system

47. Fighting “Over There” • The American Expeditionary Force was led by General John J. Pershing. • American infantrymen = doughboys (because of the white belts they wore and cleaned them with pipe clay, or dough.) • New weapons played a decisive role in the war. • The two most innovative weapons were the tank and the airplane. • Pilots went from shooting at each other with pistols to using mounted machine guns.

48. What was the name of the Leader of the American Expeditionary Forces in WWI? Answer—Gen. John J. Pershing

49. WWI Tanks

50. Aviation in WWI Video Clip: Bombers in WWI