Impact of 2nd Great Awakening and Antebellum Reform Movements

1. Do Now • What was the significant cause and effect of the 2nd Great Awakening?

2. Antebellum Reform Movements & Seneca Falls Mr. Winchell APUSH Period 4

3. AP Prompt • Evaluate the extent to which 19th century religious and reform movements expanded democratic ideals.

4. Key Concepts

5. Alice Walker Reads Sojourner Truth • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsjdLL3MrKk

6. The Second Great AwakeningGrowth and Impact • Protestant revivalism • Reaction to Calvinist/Puritanical doctrine • Emotionalism • Inspired perfectionism • Denominational Growth • Baptists and Methodists • Increase of women in churches • Afro-Christianity • New Denominations • Millennialism • Seventh-Day Adventist Church • Mormonism • Inspired social reform movements • Temperance • Abolitionism

7. African-American Religion • Church was center of community • Call-and-response • Exodus story • Some female preachers

8. “Perfectionism” • New nation • Democratization • Political & moral reform movements • Religious revivals • Millenarianism & Utopianism

10. Republican Motherhood

11. Cult of Domesticity • Separate Spheres • Public sphere – men • Private sphere – women; their “proper sphere” • “Cult of True Womanhood” • Piety • Purity • “the man bears rule over his wife’s person and conduct. She bears rule over his inclinations: he governs by law; she by persuasion… The empire of women is the empire of softness, her commands are caresses, her menaces are tears.” • Submissiveness • “She feels herself weak and timid. She needs a protector. She is in a measure dependent. She asks for wisdom, constancy, firmness, perseveredness, and she is willing to repay it all by the surrender of the full treasure of her affection. Women despise in men everything like themselves except a tender heart. It is enough that she is effeminate and weak; she does not want another like herself.” -George Burnap, The Sphere and Duties of Woman. • Domesticity • “There is more to be learned about pouring out tea and coffee than most young ladies are willing to believe.” – Godey’s Ladies Book

12. Christian Abolitionism • 2nd Great Awakening • “Slaveholding is sinful”

13. Christian Abolitionism

14. Gag Rule, 1836

15. Communal Societies • Brook Farm • Share equally in labor and leisure • Robert Owen’s New Harmony • Utopian socialist • “Village of Cooperation” • Shakers • Common ownership and shared rewards • Strict celibacy • Against vices • “separate but equal” • Oneida Community • “perfectionists” • Married to all • Children raised communally

16. Reform MovementsTemperance • Social Problems of Alcohol • Organizations • American Temperance Society • Washingtonians

17. Temperance & Women • Domestic neglect & abuse • Infidelity & disease • Lost wages • Abstinence pledges

18. Temperance & Immigration • Nativist issue • Irish whisky • German beer • Italian wine, etc.

19. Educational Reform • Enlightenment philosophy • Tabula rasa: blank slate • Political philosophy • Civic virtue & informed citizenry • Socio-economic factors • Industrialization & child labor

20. Women & Education • Catharine Beecher • Kindergarten • Physical education • Music education • Emma Willard • Women’s education • Elizabeth Blackwell • Medicine • OBERLIN COLLEGE

21. Reform MovementsEducation • Public Education • Massachusetts • Horace Mann • “Education, then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, — the balance-wheel of the social machinery. I do not here mean that it so elevates the moral nature as to make men disdain and abhor the oppression of their fellow-men. This idea pertains to another of its attributes. But I mean that it gives each man the independence and the means by which he can resist the selfishness of other men. It does better than to disarm the poor of their hostility towards the rich: it prevents being poor.” • “It is well to think well. It is divine to act well.” • “An educated electorate is essential to the working of a free Political system.” • Compulsory education • State-run teacher training programs

22. Reform MovementsRehabilitation • Dorothea Dix • “Man is not made better by being degraded.” • Prisons and Asylums • Penitentiary System

23. Penny Press • Growth • Steam-powered printing press machines • State-mandated public education • Affordable • Simple vocabulary and diction • Impact • Increased literacy rates • More opinionated American public

24. Transcendentalism • Stressed intuition/instinct, emotionalism, feelings over reason and logic • Promotion of the Individual • Finding spiritual enlightenment through Nature • Reject materialismdoctrine

25. Transcendentalism • Ralph Waldo Emerson • Self-Reliance (1841) • “Nothing is at last sacred, but the integrity of your own mind.” • The American Scholar (1837) • Despite cultural heritage, instinctive creative genius of individual could lead to greatness • Henry David Thoreau (Walden, On Civil Disobedience) • “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.” • Passive resistance • A public refusal to obey unjust laws

26. Romanticism • Nostalgia • Emotionalism • Glorification of Nature • Sublime • Individualism • Myth and Folklore • Spiritualism • Immigrants Crossing the Prairie • Albert Bierstadt

27. Historiography“Antebellum Reform: Evolving Causes and Strategies” Mary Hershberger – Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition: The Struggle against Indian Removal in the 1830s (1999) Lori D. Ginzberg – “Moral Suasion is Moral Balderdash”: Women, Politics, and Social Activism in the 1850s (1986) As a result of the Second Great Awakening of the 1820s and early 1830s, a millennial spirit pervaded efforts at transforming United States society. Abolitionists, vegetarians, temperance activists, and crusaders against “male lust”…sought not merely social change but spiritual transformation, the moral regeneration of the world... American middle-class radicalism of the 1830s and 1840s evolved in a religious context, one in which the regeneration of individuals would precede – and assure – the salvation of society. Women played a central role both in the ideology and in the means of the proposed national transformation. Viewed as inherently moral, women were to instruct by example and to participate in movements for social, or moral, change. • To block [Indian] removal, Catherine Beecher and Lydia Sigourney organized the first national women’s petition campaign and flooded Congress with antiremoval petitions, making a bold claim for women’s place in national political discourse… Protesting Indian removal encouraged antiremovalists to challenge slavery directly. The Indian Removal Act made abolitionists bolder in acting against slavery and more determined to achieve their goals… It also ushered in a new age of popular politics that saw energized antiremovalists transfer their techniques of removal protest to the struggle against slavery: massive and continuous pamphleting and petitioning by both women and men, persistent reports in periodicals that sought to present slavery from the perspective of the slave, and a willingness to challenge laws that they believed were deeply unjust.

28. Women in Revolt • Women in America: • Nineteenth century was still a man’s world • Women in American had it better than in Europe • Women were still “the submerged sex” in America • Women now avoided marriage—10 % of adult women remained “spinsters” at the time of the Civil War • Gender differences were strongly emphasized in 1800s America: • Because the burgeoning market economy separated women and men into distinct economic roles. • The home was a woman’s special sphere, the centerpiece of the “cult of domesticity.”

29. The Legal Status of Women • Legal status of women largely unchanged since the Revolution • No suffrage on a national level • Subordinate to husband • Origin of women’s rights movement - abolition

30. Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments • Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Modeled on Declaration of Independence • “All men and women are created equal” • List of grievances against patriarchal society

31. Seneca Falls Declaration • “We hold these truth to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal…” • “…establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.” • “He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise…thereby leaving her without representation…he has oppressed her on all sides.” • “He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men – both natives and foreigners.” • “He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.” • “He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.” • “He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband…compelled to promise obedience…he becoming to all intents and purposes, her master…” • “He has monopolized nearly all profitable employments…[as] a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known.” • “He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education…” • “He allows her in Church, as well as State, but a subordinate position, claiming Apostolic authority for her exclusion from the ministry…” • “He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a different code of morals for men and women…” • “He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life.” • “Resolved, That the speedy success of our cause upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women, for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit, and for the securing to women an equal participation with men in various trades, professions, and commerce.” • “Resolved, therefore, That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause by every righteous means…”