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Parasites ,Fungi, Viruses

Parasites ,Fungi, Viruses. Parasites. Are eukaryotes that depend on another host for their nutrients and metabolic activities. Divided to 1-Protozoa: Unicellular. 2-Helminths: Multicellular. 3-Arthropods: Multicellular. Protozoa. Common stages of life cycle

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Parasites ,Fungi, Viruses

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  1. Parasites ,Fungi, Viruses

  2. Parasites • Are eukaryotes that depend on another host for their nutrients and metabolic activities. • Divided to 1-Protozoa: Unicellular. 2-Helminths: Multicellular. 3-Arthropods: Multicellular.

  3. Protozoa • Common stages of life cycle 1- Trophozoite: active growing stage 2- Cyst: resting non active stage • Can infect all major tissues and organs of the body • Transmission of protozoan parasites by 1- injection via bites of blood sucking insects 2- ingestion of infective stages

  4. Protozoa • Protozoa move by : • Psuedopod: (extending part of protoplasm towards direction of movement) Example: Entamoeba species • Flagella : Example: Trypanosoma species, GiardiaLamblia

  5. Protozoa • Cilia: Example: Balantidium coli • non motile: Example : Plasmodium species

  6. Trophozoite Cyst Entamoeba

  7. ProtozoaTrypanosoma

  8. ProtozoaBalantidium coli cyst

  9. ProtozoaRing stage))Plasmodium

  10. Helminths(worms) • Multicellular organisms with organ systems as digestive, nervous , excretory system. • Have complicated life cycle • Mostly have different stages of life cycle which are: ova(egg), larvae (Adult) • Adult worms can measure centimeters or even meters long • Extracellular parasites

  11. Helminths • Are classified according to shape into: 1- Nematodes (round worms) cylindrical thin Example: Ascaris lumbricoides 2- Cestodes ( tape worms)flat long worms Example: Tenia saginata,tenia solium 3- Trematodes( Flukes)leaf like flat worms Example: Schistosoma species

  12. HelminthsAscaris lumbricoides egg

  13. HelminthsTenia saginata adult and ova

  14. HelminthsSchistosoma ova

  15. Arthropods • Are insects such as bugs ,fleas, biting flies, mosquitoes etc. • Harmful effects of parasites Discomfort, transmission of diseases( malaria, yellow fever, typhus), cause disease(amoebic dysentery, bilharzias), damage to crops.

  16. Fungi • Heterotrophic eukaryotes • Saprophytes: obtain nutrients from dead organic material • Nucleated achlorophyllous organisms • Reproduce sexually and asexually • Surrounded by true cell wall • 2 groups Yeast and mold

  17. Fungi • Grow within a wide range pH(acidic-alkaline) • Grow at room temperature (can grow at cold temp) • Prefer moist or humid atmospheres • Can be cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose agar media (SDA) or potato dextrose agar (PDA) that contains a source of protein (peptone) and a source of carbohydrate (dextrose)

  18. Fungi • The commonest microscopic examination of fungi is LACTO-PHENOL- COTTON BLUE tease mount or reagent (LPCB) • Benefits of fungi: important in baking , pharmaceutical(antibiotic),brewing industries. Also as saprophytes and as food. • Harmful effects: cause a lot of diseases in skin, hair, nail and systemic diseases.

  19. Fungi • Yeast Unicellular, round or oval( tear drop)shape Multiply asexually by budding resulting in production of 2 cells • Molds Multicellular branching hyphea forming a mycelium.

  20. Fungi Molds using LPCB x40 Alternaria species

  21. FungiMolds using LPCB x40 Penicillium

  22. Fungi Molds using LPCB x40 Aspergillus species

  23. FungiYeast LPCB x40

  24. Fungi /Molds on SDA

  25. Tools used for fungi • Iron needles made from iron because fungi dig into agar thus it is difficult to culture them with wire loop

  26. Viruses • Virus in Latin means poison • All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites( can multiply only in living cells) • Possess a single type of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA (Ss or Ds) • Nucleic material is enclosed in a protein coat called capsid. ( both capsid and nucleic acid are called nucleocapsid)

  27. Viruses • Vary in size from 20-300nm • Cannot be seen by bright field microscope • Can be examined by Electron microscope • Can infect humans, animals, plants and bacteria • Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages

  28. Viruses • Isolation of viruses : a- animal inoculation b- embrynoted egg inoculation c- cell culture • Cytopathic effects are morphological changes in cell lines due to virus infection.

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