Struggles for Independence in Latin America (1810-1920)

1. The Consolidation of Latin America, 1810–1920 26

2. Figure 26.1 Emperor Maximilian was finally captured after his attempt, with French help, to reestablish a monarchy in Mexico. Well meaning, he eventually lost the support of the conservatives. Juárez refused to spare his life, as a warning to other ambitious nations that Mexico would remain independent. Manet's painting of the execution of Maximilian, shown here flanked by his two loyal generals facing the firing squad reflected Europe's shock.(Edouard Manet (1832–1883), "The Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, June 19, 1867." Oil on canvas. Location: Staedtische Kunsthalle, Mannheim, Germany. Art Resource, NY.)

3. Chapter Overview • From Colonies to Nations • New Nations Confront Old and New Problems • Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • Societies in Search of Themselves

4. TIMELINE 1800 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

5. From Colonies to Nations • Causes of Political Change • American Revolution • Model • French Revolution • Ideology • Too radical

6. From Colonies to Nations • Causes of Political Change • Toussaint L'Overture • 1791 slave revolt • Republic of Haiti, 1804 • French invasion of Spain

7. From Colonies to Nations • Spanish-American Independence Struggles • Mexico • Father Miguel de Hidalgo • 1810, alliance with Indians and mestizos • Augustín de Iturbide • 1824, collapse of new state

8. From Colonies to Nations • Spanish-American Independence Struggles • Simon Bolívar • Creole • Independence movement, 1810 • 1817-1822, victories • Gran Columbia • Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador • 1830, split

9. From Colonies to Nations • Spanish-American Independence Struggles • José de San Martín • Rio de la Plata • Buenos Aires, autonomous, 1810 • 1816, United Provinces of Rio de la Plata • 1813, Paraguay splits • 1825, all Spanish colonies independent

10. Figure 26.2 Simon Bolívar (1783–1830) led the struggle for political independence in northern South America. Son of a wealthy Creole family, he became an ardent proponent of independence and a firm believer in the republican form of government. On his deathbed, Bolívar asked his closest aide to burn all of his letters and other writings. Knowing how valuable these papers would be to future historians, the aide disobeyed the order.

11. From Colonies to Nations • Brazilian Independence • 1807, French invasion of Portugal • Royal family, elite, to Brazil • Rio de Janeiro, capital • João VI of Portugal • In Brazil until 1820 • Pedro left in Brazil as regent • 1822, Pedro declares Brazil independent • Pedro I

12. Figure 26.3 The battle of Maipu in April 1818 sealed the fate of the royalist forces in Chile. Jose de San Martin led the combined Chilean and Argentine insurgent forces and their victory led to the independence of Chile. Throughout South America between1810 and 1825 the rebel forces were slowly mobilized into effective armies, but subsequently the new nations had to confront the personal and institutional power of the former commanders.

13. New Nations Confront Old and New Problems • Enlightenment ideals • Role of Catholic church? • Equality • Slavery • Indians, mestizos • Franchise • Political Fragmentation • Andrés Santa Cruz

14. Map 26.1 Independent States of Latin America in 1830Despite its size, traditions, language, and religion provided certain unities. At independence a number of large states were formed out of coalitions, but these eventually divided because of regional differences and rivalries.

15. New Nations Confront Old and New Problems • Caudillos, Politics, and the Church • Caudillos • Local rulers • Sometimes ally with Indians, peasants • Centralists • Strong governments • Federalists • Regional authorities

16. New Nations Confront Old and New Problems • Caudillos, Politics, and the Church • Liberals • Individual rights • Federalist • Conservatives • Centralized state • Role of church crucial • Civil role

17. New Nations Confront Old and New Problems • Caudillos, Politics, and the Church • Some stability • Chile • Reforms, 1833 • Juan Manuel de Rosas • General Antonio López de Santa Anna • Brazilian monarchy

18. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • Monroe Doctrine of 1823 • Britain, U.S. support independence • In exchange for economic power • Dependency on foreign consumers

19. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • Mid-Century Stagnation • 1820–1850 • Exploitation of guano • After 1850 • European market creates demand • Church, conservatives slow change • Landowners, peasants ally in opposition

20. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • Economic Resurgence and Liberal Politics • Liberals in power, late 1800s • Auguste Comte, positivism

21. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention • 1824, Mexican Constitution • Federalist • Conservative centralists v. liberal federalists • Reforms attempted, 1830s • Opposed by Antonio López de Santa Anna, caudillo

22. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention • Manifest destiny • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo • Mexican-American War

23. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention • Benito Juárez • Zapotec Indian • Liberal revolt, 1854 • La Reforma • New constitution, 1857 • Privileges of army and church diminished • Lands sold to individuals

24. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention • French in to assist conservatives • Maximilian von Habsburg • 1867, French withdraw • Maximilian executed • Juárez in office to 1872

25. Figure 26.4 Benito Juárez, a Zapotec Indian from southern Mexico, rose to the presidency and began a series of sweeping reforms. His uncompromising resistance to foreign intervention and monarchy made him a symbol of Mexican sovereignty and independence.

26. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • Argentina: The Port and the Nation • United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, 1816 • Liberals v. federalists • Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1831 • Federalist • Overthrown, 1852 • Reunification, 1862–1890 • Argentine Republic • Domingo F. Sarmiento

27. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • The Brazilian Empire • Pedro I • 1824, liberal constitution • Abdicates, 1831 • Pedro II • Regency, 1831–1840

28. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • The Brazilian Empire • Economic prosperity • Coffee export (fazendas) • Slavery intensified • Infrastructure improved • Abolition • Achieved, 1888

29. Figure 26.5 Dom Pedro II, an enlightened man of middle-class habits who was anxious to reign over a tranquil and progressive nation despite the role that slavery continued to play in its social and economic life.

30. Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820–1870 • The Brazilian Empire • Republican Party • Formed, 1871 • Coup, 1889 • Republic founded

31. Societies in Search of Themselves • Cultural Expression After Independence • Elite follow Europe • 1930s, Romanticism • 1870s • Realism • Positivism • Mass culture unchanged

32. Societies in Search of Themselves • Old Patterns of Gender, Class, and Race • Little change for women • Secular public education • The Great Boom, 1880-1920 • European demand • Exports • Foreign investors • Germany, U.S., Britain

33. Explaining Underdevelopment • Debate over Latin America • Marxism provides lens • Feudal to capitalist? • Already capitalist to socialist revolution? • Modernization theory • Disregarded cultural differences • Dependency theory • Not stages; cohesive process • Overemphasis on circulation of goods

34. Societies in Search of Themselves • Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation • Porfirio Díaz • 1876, president • Foreign capital used for infrastructure • Científicos • Revolt suppressed • 1910–1920, Civil War • Electoral reform

35. Societies in Search of Themselves • Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation • Argentina • Meat exports • Immigration • Distinct culture • 1890s • Socialist party forms • Strikes from 1910

36. Societies in Search of Themselves • Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic Transformation • Argentina • Radical Party • Middle class • 1916, in power

37. Visualizing the PastImages of the Spanish-American WarAmong the popular political magazines of the era were Punch and the Judge. The two cover images shown here from the period of the Spanish-American War reflect popular sentiments and attitudes at the time.

38. Visualizing the the PastImages of the Spanish-American WarAmong the popular political magazines of the era were Punch and the Judge. The two cover images shown here from the period of the Spanish-American War reflect popular sentiments and attitudes at the time.

39. Societies in Search of Themselves • Uncle Sam Goes South • Spanish-American War, 1898 • Cuba • American investment • Puerto Rico annexed • Colombia • U.S. backs revolution • Panama Canal

40. Figure 26.6 The drive for opening of a sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific moved the United States to back the creation of the Panama Canal. Between 1881 and 1914 the canal, a major engineering feat, was constructed. The nation of Panama was created in the process of securing rights to the canal when the United States backed an independence movement that separated Panama from Colombia. The Panama Canal changed the nature of international maritime commerce. This image is of the Gatlin cut, which was the major excavation on the canal.