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Greek Golden Age 449-431 BCE A golden age is a period of time when a civilization or country has peace and prosperity. During a golden age, knowledge, ideas and the arts (writing and creating) flourish. Greek’s golden age usually refers to Athens because Athens was the greatest power in Greece at that time. Pericles was the leader during Greece’s golden age. The Golden Age happened after the Persian wars and before the Peloponnesian wars (which we will learn about in a couple weeks).
Jigsaw Philosophers http://betterlesson.com/community/lesson/493484/day-6-ancient-greek-philosophers
What is Philosophy? “Philo-” means love, and “-sophia” means wisdom, so the word “philosophy” really means “the love of wisdom.” Basically, philosophy is thinking about the world and making sense out of it. What is Wisdom? “The right use or exercise of knowledge; the choice of laudable ends, and of the best means to accomplish them.” What is Knowledge? “A clear and certain perception of that which exists, or of truth and fact.” Discuss: How is wisdom different than knowledge?
Socrates 470 BCE–c. 399 BCE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lnr0EcnHtSs
Socratic Problem There are no original writings of Socrates. Most of what we know about Socrates comes from the writings of his student Plato. There is no way for historians to prove what Socrates said or what his ideas actually were.
Socratic Method Method of teaching pioneered by Socrates, the great Greek philosopher. The Method was a series of questions, by which Socrates made the people who answered the questions understand not only the point he was trying to make but also that they didn't know as much as they thought they did.
Example of the Socratic Method And who is best able to do good to his friends and evil to his enemies in time of sickness? The physician. Or when they are on a voyage, amid the perils of the sea? The pilot. And in what sort of actions or with a view to what result is the just man most able to do harm to his enemy and good to his friend? In going to war against the one and in making alliances with the other. But when a man is well, my dear Polemarchus, there is no need of a physician? No. And he who is not on a voyage has no need of a pilot? No. Then in time of peace justice will be of no use? I am very far from thinking so. You think that justice may be of use in peace as well as in war?
Ethics Socrates was predominantly interested in ethics. Ethics is:rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad. The study of ethics is an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad behavior : a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or wrong. He thought that people need to know themselves and examine their character and actions and think about why they do the things that they do. If we don’t examine our lives (Socrates thought) then we cannot learn, change and become better. Doing this is key to being happy in life.
Questions asked by Socrates What is Virtue? How does one learn to be virtuous? What is Justice? Why is justice important? What is right and what is wrong? How do we know when something is right? Socrates never answered these questions with statements but used reason, logic and the world around us to help others come to answers of their own.
Plato’s Apology When Socrates was an old man he was put on trial by the city of Athens because the government thought he was corrupting the youth with his questions and discussions. Plato wrote a book called the “Apology” where he documented what was said and what happened at Socrates trial. **Read Plato’s Apology
Plato 428-348 BCE Plato was a student of Socrates and most of what we know about Socrates comes from Plato. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wAbweYp8S4
Theory of Forms Plato taught that there are 2 worlds that exist at the same time. The physical world and the intelligible world. The physical world is the things we experience with our senses (see, touch, taste). The intelligible world is metaphysical (meaning you can’t touch it or see it) it exists in our minds. It is where we understand things using our intellect or reasoning/logic to understand something.
Tripartite Soul Plato thought that our souls (or who we are) are divided into three parts: Appetite (stomach), Spirit (heart) and Rational (mind). When we are presented with a choice the appetite part of us wants to make a choice that will make us happy right now or pleasure. The spirit part of us is motivated by what is honorable and the rational part of us is motivated by what is reasonable or what makes the most sense.
Education and the State Plato is one of the first people to talk about why education is important. In both his books the Republic and the Laws, Plato talks about how education is one of the most important aspects of a healthy state (or society/government). In the “Republic” he lays out detailed education programs that start with exercises pregnant women should perform to ensure the health of the fetus, and he goes on to explain not only what children should study but also what values they should be exposed to and what kinds of art and physical exercise they should engage in.
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave At the end of Plato’s book the “Republic” he writes his famous Allegory of the Cave. An allegory is “a story in which the characters and events are symbols that stand for ideas about human life or for a political or historical situation”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69F7GhASOdM **Read Allegory of the Cave
Aristotle 384-322 BCE Aristotle was a student of Plato, he expounded upon the ideas of Plato and in some cases contradicted or disagreed with him. Aristotle branched out and not only wrote philosophy but science and physics as well. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csIW4W_DYX4
Pathos, Logos, Ethos http://pathosethoslogos.com/
Stoicism and Epicureanism https://docs.google.com/document/d/1z4w8x_H8miK2FuVaOo_Due82cOWOnZFrtnPSC0vlOi4/edit\
