Negative Impacts of Industrialization and Calls for Reform in the Progressive Era

1. Do Now • What kind of negative impact did Industrialization have on workers, farmers, cities, women, children, etc?

2. The Progressive Era 1890-1920 • Reaction to Industrialization—againstbig business and social problems caused by industrialization • Populist movement – 1880s-1890s  farmers movement to lower shipping rates and other reforms • The Progressive movement wanted government to play a larger role in helping people and fixing society

3. Origins of Progressive Movement • Reform Movements of the mid-1800s • Women played a large role in social reform because they had no political rights (could not vote) • Temperance (Prohibition) – ban alcohol • Women’s Suffrage – women’s right to vote • 1848—Seneca Falls Convention kicks off women’s suffrage movement

4. The Populists • Populists – reform for farmers and democratic reform • Populists wanted lower shipping rates for farm goods • Started as the Grange movement • Populist Ideas that Became Progressive Laws • Direct election of Senators • Progressive Income tax (earn more $, pay more tax)

5. Closing • In 2 paragraphs, explain how some negative aspects of industrialization led to calls for reform in the Progressive Era.

6. Do Now • 1. What was the temperance movement and why did it begin? • 2. What were the Populists protesting against?

7. Free Silver • Other major issue for Populists: • Free silver • Money was on gold standard rare and expensive (benefitted the rich) • Farmers wanted silver to be legal tender (would result in inflation cheaper for farmers to pay off debts) • 1896 Populist Democrat William Jennings Bryan runs for President in support of free silver

8. Industrial Reform • During the Populist era, government made some reform to slow industrialization, but did not enforce the laws or decisions • Interstate Commerce Act (1887)– created the Interstate Commerce Commission to investigate and end railroad shipping rate abuses • Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)– prohibited monopolies, made trusts illegal • ***These laws and decisions were rarely enforced by the federal government until the early 1900s***

9. Muckrakers --members of the press that investigated corruption in order to expose problems to the American people.

10. Muckrakers • Jacob Riis – wrote How the Other Half Lives to expose poor living conditions in the slums of New York City

11. Muckrakers • Ida Tarbell – wrote “History of Standard Oil Company” in 1904, which exposed the ruthless business practices of Standard Oil Company. • In 1911, the Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil was a monopoly and It was broken up • Lincoln Steffens – wrote “The Shame of the Cities” in 1904, which examined political corruption in U.S. cities

12. Muckrakers • Upton Sinclair– wrote a novel called “The Jungle” in 1906, which exposed the dangerous and unhealthy working conditions of the meat-packing industry.

13. Do Now • 1. Which muckraker wrote The Jungle? • 2. What sort of issues were the muckrakers trying to reform?

14. Local/City Progressive Reforms • Jane Addams – founded Hull House in Chicago. She pioneered social work by giving aid to women and immigrants. • 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – in NYC, 146 garment workers (mostly women) died because they were locked inside the factory. • This led to fire safety reform, and factory safety reforms.

15. State/Democratic Reform • The Progressives wanted to make the government more democratic, so they created many reforms in some states. • Initiative – the right of citizens to propose a new law • Referendum – Allows voters to pass or reject a law. • Recall– Allows voters to have an elected representative removed from office. • Direct Primary–voters select candidates to run for office

16. Progressive Era Presidents • Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 • Was known as the “Trustbuster” president because he worked to break up only harmful trusts. • Called his reforms “The Square Deal” • 1904 – the Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities railroad was an illegal monopoly • Pure food and Drug Act (1906) -- Required that companies accurately label the ingredients contained in food items. • Meat Inspection Act (1906) –Required the government to have health inspectors make sure meat is safely produced

17. Progressive Era Presidents • William H. Taft 1909-1913 • Broke up trusts such as U.S. Steel, but eventually stopped his progressive policies • Roosevelt decided to run for President against Taft in 1912 • Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote in 1912, allowing Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson to win the election.

18. Progressive Era Presidents • Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 • Wilson believed that all monopolies and trusts should be broken up • Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) -- Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by outlawing all monopolies • Federal Reserve Act (1913) – allowed the government to regulate the money supplyby raising or lowering interest rates.

19. Progressive Era Amendments • 16th Amendment (1913) – allowed the federal government to create an income tax • 17th Amendment (1913) – Allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people, not state legislatures

20. Progressive Amendments • 18th Amendment (1919) – Prohibition. Banned the production, selling, or transportation of alcohol. Repealed in 1933 with the 21st amendment.

21. Progressive Amendments • 19th Amendment (1920) – Women’s Suffrage. Gave women the right to vote in all elections.

22. The End of the Progressive Era • AfterWorld War I, the American public had grown tired of all the change and reform. • In the 1920 election, Senator Warren Harding called for a “Return to Normalcy”, meaning an end to Progressive reform and involvement in world affairs. • He promised a return to laissez-faire government and isolationist foreign policy. He won the election in a landslide.