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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Cell Structure and Function. 7.1 The Discovery of Cells. Robert Hooke Discovered 1 st cell Observed dead cork cells Named the cell : basic unit of living organisms. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Looked at & described the 1 st living cell. The Cell Theory.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function

  2. 7.1 The Discovery of Cells • Robert Hooke • Discovered 1st cell • Observed dead cork cells • Named the cell: basic unit of living organisms

  3. Anton van LeeuwenhoekLooked at & described the 1st living cell

  4. The Cell Theory • Matthias Schleiden & Thomas Schwann • Schleiden  Botanist • Schwann  Zoologist • Developed the cell theory: • All life forms are made from one or more cells. • Cells only arise from pre-existing cells. • The cell is the smallest form of life.

  5. Two basic cell types: • Prokaryote • Before a nucleus (NO Nucleus) • Single-celled • Eukaryote • Has a nucleus • Unicellular or multicellular • Contained organelles (membrane bound structures)

  6. A. B. Which one is a prokaryotic cell? Is B. a plant or an animal cell?

  7. 7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure • Contain Organelles which means “little organs”. • Each cell contains Cytoplasm which holds all of the organelles.

  8. Nucleus: Control center of the cell Contains DNA Has a nuclear envelope & Nucleolus

  9. Ribosomes: make proteins most numerous organelle in the cell Found on and off of ER

  10. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Two types of ER: Smooth (no ribosomes) Rough (has ribosomes) Smooth makes and transports lipids Rough transports proteins

  11. Golgi Apparatus: Stores and packages chemicals

  12. Lysosome: “Stomach of the cell” Vacuole that contains digestive enzymes

  13. Mitochondria: “Powerhouse of the cell”

  14. Chloroplast: Capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

  15. 7-3 Cell Boundaries • All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane (also called a plasma membrane). • Some cells are surrounded by a cell wall (especially plant cells). • Both serve as a boundary between the cell and its environment. • The Cell membrane is semi-permeable.

  16. The Plasma Membrane FUNCTIONS: • Controls what enters and leaves the cell (maintaining homeostasis with selective permeability) • Protects the cell • Also the cell wall’s main function!!

  17. PM continued… • PM is made of a bilayer of phospholipids!! • Two ends to a phospholipid: • Hydrophilic • Hydrophobic • Two types: • Saturated • Unsaturated

  18. Fluid Mosaic Model (PG. 182)

  19. Random movement of Molecules • Robert Brown – Brownian Motion • Molecules are in a constant state of motion • Gas = fast movement • Liquid = medium movement • Solid = slow movement • Molecules move from high concentrations to low concentrations because of a concentration gradient.

  20. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries • Diffusion: the movement of particles from and area of high concentration to low concentration • Osmosisis the diffusion of water

  21. Diffusion

  22. Three types of solutions (Pg. 186) • Isotonic: concentrations on both sides of the plasma membrane are equal • No net movement • Hypertonic: concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell are higher than inside • Water moves out  Cell Shrinks • Hypotonic: concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell are higher than outside • Water moves in  Cell Swells

  23. Passive Transport Move with the concentration gradient NO energy required Simple Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Move against the concentration gradient Energy REQUIRED Endocytosis Pinocytosis (drinking) Receptor-mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis (Eating) Exocytosis Two types of transport

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