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Dr. Nilufer Oral Istanbul Bilgi University Law School Commission on Environmental Law

Regional Sea Approaches to Marine Conservation: the positive experience from the Mediterranean and Yellow Seas. Dr. Nilufer Oral Istanbul Bilgi University Law School Commission on Environmental Law Oceans, Coasts and Coral Reefs Specialist Group 7 September 2012

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Dr. Nilufer Oral Istanbul Bilgi University Law School Commission on Environmental Law

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  1. Regional Sea Approaches to Marine Conservation: the positive experience from the Mediterranean and Yellow Seas Dr. Nilufer Oral Istanbul Bilgi University Law School Commission on Environmental Law Oceans, Coasts and Coral Reefs Specialist Group 7 September 2012 Jeju IUCN World Conservation Congress

  2. Mediterranean Sea and Marine Protected Areas • International and Regional Framework for marine protected areas • 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention • Part XII Protection of the marine environment • Articles 192, 194 and 197 • Part XI Enclosed and semi-enclosed seas • Article 122 • 1992 Convention on Biodiversity Diversity • 1995 Jakarta Mandate • 2010 Aichi Target for 10% of marine and coastal area • 2002 WWSD Johannesburg Plan of Implementation • World Heritage Convention

  3. Mediterranean Sea and Marine Protected Areas • Regional • EU Habitats Directive and Natura 2000 for the establishment of a coherent ecological network of protected area “Special Areas of Conservation” (SACs) • European Union Communication from the Commission of 11 November 2009 - Towards an Integrated Maritime Policy for better governance in the Mediterranean [COM(2009) 466 final • ACCOBAMS and Conservation Plan for Protection of cetaceans • UNEP Regional Seas Programmes

  4. Mediterranean Sea and Marine Protected Areas • Challenges in the Mediterranean • Crowded sea with some 20 coastal States and not enough marine space • Jurisdictional complexity • Difference legal zones • Fisheries zones • Ecological zones • EEZ • High seas ?

  5. Legal Framework for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea • Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment and Coastal Region of the Mediterranean Sea (Barcelona Convention), Barcelona, 1976 (as amended in 1995), in force • Mediterranean Action Programme (MAP) • Protocol Concerning Cooperation in Preventing Pollution from Ships and, in Cases of Emergency, Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea (Prevention and Emergency Protocol) (in force as of 17 March 2004 • Protocol on the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based Sources (LBS Protocol) (In force as of 17 June 1983), amended on 7 March 1996 but has not yet entered into force • Protocol for the Prevention and Elimination of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft or Incineration at Sea, as revised in 1995, (in force as of 2004) • Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of the Continental Shelf and the Seabed and its Subsoil (Offshore Protocol) , Date adopted: 14 October 1994 (Madrid, Spain) Not yet entered into force • Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPA and Biodiversity Protocol) (entered in force as of 12 December 1999 • Protocol on the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Hazardous Wastes Protocol) Date adopted: 1 October 1996 (Izmir, Turkey), In force • Protocol on ICZM in the Mediterranean adopted: 21 January 2008 (not in force yet)

  6. Mediterranean Sea and Marine Protected Areas • Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (“SPA and Biodiversity Protocol”-or “SPAMI”) • Regional Activity Center for Specially Protected Areas (RAC-SPA) in Tunisia • Protocol provides for the collaborative establishment of marine protected areas between two or more Contracting Parties, and also created the possibility for the designation of marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisdiction, with the consensus of the Contracting Parties • The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals (ex Ligurian Sea sanctuary), established under the SPAMI Protocol in 1999, is the only marine protected area in the Mediterranean Sea to include areas of the high sea

  7. Mediterranean Sea and Marine Protected Areas • 2008 Almeria Ministerial Declaration by the Mediterranean States to promote comprehensive network of MPA by 2012 • RAC-SPA extraordinary meeting held in June 2010 of focal points to designate MPAs in the Mediterranean beyond national jurisdictions • 2011 RAC-SPA/MAP meeting in Athens to discuss legal and institutional approaches to designating MPAs beyond national jurisdictional • IUCN Commission on Environmental Law invited to participate

  8. UNEP Proposed MPAs in the Mediterranean Sea

  9. Alboran Sea Project

  10. Work of the IUCN • ” Towards an Improved Governance of the Mediterranean” • Collaboration among the IUCN Mediterranean Malaga Center, Global Marine and Polar Programme, Commission on Environmental Law and its Specialist Group on Oceans, Coasts and Coral Reefs, Mediterranean universities, scientists, legal experts, government representative, international organizations and agencies, and NGOs • Meetings • 1st held in Malaga • Tunisia • Rabat, Morocco • Nice, France • Istanbul, Turkey • Procida, Italy Several publications

  11. Mediterranean Sea and Marine Protected Areas • Positive experience? • Future steps?

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