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Introduction

Proton Upgrades at Fermilab Robert Zwaska Fermilab March 12, 2007 Midwest Accelerator Physics Collaboration Meeting Indiana University Cyclotron Facility. Introduction. Potential neutrino experiments at Fermilab; soon: Minerva and NOvA

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Introduction

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  1. Proton Upgrades at FermilabRobert ZwaskaFermilabMarch 12, 2007Midwest Accelerator Physics Collaboration MeetingIndiana University Cyclotron Facility

  2. Introduction • Potential neutrino experiments at Fermilab; soon: Minerva and NOvA • NOvA requires proton exposure 5-10x that of current experiment (MINOS) • Additionally, studies are always underway on how to use many, many protons more neutrinos, muons, isotopes… Outline • Current Fermilab Accelerator Complex • Provides protons for antiproton and neutrino production • About 250 kW (total) @ 120 GeV • Programs to improve proton beam power • Proton Plan  underway • ANU/SNuMI  in planning • HINS (proton driver)  in R&D (not covered here…)

  3. The Main Injector Today • Provides high power, 120 GeV proton beam • 80 kW for antiproton production • 180 kW for neutrino production • Takes 6 or 7 batches from the 8 GeV Booster @ 15 Hz • 4-5 × 1012 protons per Booster batch • Total cycle time ≥ 1.4 s + batches/15 Booster NuMI (Double) Batch 1 (PBar) Batch 2 Batch 6 Main Injector Batch 3 Batch 5 Batch 4

  4. NuMI Operation • Typical beam power of 180 kW • Higher beam powers of ~ 270 kW without antiproton production • Recent Achievements: • 4.05 x 1013 protons in a pulse (exceeds design intensity) • 325 kW beam power

  5. New Beam Records • 11 batch slip stacking produces > 4 x1013 protons • Start worrying about the neutrino target • Higher intensity comes at lost efficiency • 98 -> 90% • Hope to get back to 95% • Loss management limits further advancement • Collimators, beam cleaning • Hope for operational later this year

  6. Merged bunch train in MI E 2nd Batch 1st Batch  Decelerate Accelerate Time 2nd Booster Batch 1st Booster Batch Injected into MI Slip-stacking • Merge two booster batches through RF manipulations K. Seiya et. al., PAC2003/5 • Doubles the azimuthal charge in the Main Injector • Booster loading time is doubled

  7. PROTON PLAN n • Slip stacking to NuMI in the Main Injector will gradually increase NuMI intensity to 3.7x1013 protons to NuMI per 2.2 second cycle or about 3x1020 p/yr. (~320 kW) • This will increase by ~30% as protons currently used for pbar production become available. (430 kW) • The Booster rep. rate and efficiency must increase to accommodate this

  8. Limits to Proton Intensity • Total proton rate from Proton Source (Linac+Booster): • Booster batch size • ~4-5E12 protons/batch • Booster repetition rate • 15 Hz instantaneous • Previous hardware limits: 7.5Hz average (pulsed components) • Beam loss • Damage and/or activation of Booster components • Above ground radiation • Current performance: near 1017 protons/hour recently • Total protons accelerated in Main Injector: • Maximum Main Injector load • Six “slots” for booster batches (3E13) • Up to ~11 with slip stacking (4-5E13) • Cycle time: • 1.4s + loading time (1/15s per booster batch)

  9. ANU / SNuMI • ANU: Accelerator and NuMI Upgrades for NOvA • Part of the NOvA project • Tevatron will be shutdown end of 2009 • (LHC willing) • Reuse the Recycler Ring for 700 kW • Shorten the repetition time • Same bunch charge in Main Injector • 11 or 12 batch slip-stacking • SNuMI: Super NuMI • Reuse the Accumulator for 1.2 MW • Momentum stack • Increase bunch charge by 50% • Under consideration (not part of NOvA

  10. ANU: 700 kWRecycler as an 8 GeV Proton Pre-injector • After the Collider program, use the Recycler as a proton pre-injector • Accumulate protons from the Booster while MI is running • Save 0.8 s out of 2.2 • Recycler momentum aperture is large enough to allow slip-stacking operation in Recycler, for up to 12 Booster batches injected • 4.3×1012 p/batch, 95% slip-stacking efficiency • 4.9×1013 ppp at 120 GeV every 1.333 s  700 kW • Transfer lines (2) • Kickers (many) • Injection(twice), extraction, abort, cleaning • Recycler 53 MHz RF System • 300 kV, low R/Q design • Recycler instrumentation • BPMs, dampers • Main Injector ramp time (power supplies) • Beam Loss Control

  11. Sample Timeline Booster Next Cycle Injection Orbit Recycler Slipping Orbit Previous Cycle Main Injector To NuMI 0.0 s 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 s

  12. ANU Scope: Recycler Ring Recycler Ring Modifications: Electron Cooling Insert removed Recycler Kicker Systems new elements: New Extraction Line New RR30 Straight Recycler Ring Modifications: Current Extraction Area removed Recycler Kicker Systems: New Abort Kickers • Recycler Ring Modifications • Elements removed: • Stochastic Cooling Kickers • Current Injection Area Recycler Ring Modifications Stochastic Cooling Pickups removed Recycler ring Modifications & Kicker Systems: New Injection Area Recycler ring Modifications: New 53 MHz RF

  13. SNuMI: 1.2 MWMomentum stacking in the Accumulator • After the Collider, also use the Accumulator as a proton ring • Transfer beam from Booster to Accumulator • Booster must be able to run at 15 Hz • Accumulator used for momentum stacking • momentum stack 3 Booster batches (4.6×1012 p/batch) every 200 ms • no need to cog in the Booster when injecting into the Accumulator • longitudinal emittance dilution of ~ 20% instead of a factor 3 like in slip-stacking • Box Car stack in the Recycler • load in a new Accumulator batch every 200 ms • place 6 Accumulator batches sequentially around the Recycler • Load the Main Injector in a single turn • 8.2×1013 ppp in MI every 1.333 s  1.2 MW • Requires MI RF upgrade

  14. Momentum Stacking • Beam is injected, accelerated, and debunched • Multiple injections can be brought together • Different momentum beams separated horizontally • Beam is accumulated until the momentum aperture of the Main Injector is reached • 4 injections shown – 3 planned for SNuMI • Other stacking schemes are under consideration

  15. Operating Scenarios * * * NuMI values are given for mixed-mode cycles

  16. Estimating Proton Production • Create a set of realistic operational parameters to predict future production • Monitor present accelerators • Extrapolate to future operating modes

  17. ANU/SNuMI Schedule Overview: from Steve Holmes talk 1/30/07 LIKELY NOvA TIMELINEPOSSIBLE SNuMI TIMELINE • R&D Program Goals – Timeframes

  18. NOvA- ANU: Integrated Projections • Nominal NOvA RUN: 60 x 1020 protons • ANU installations in 2009-10 and 2010-11 • Possible SNuMI installation in 2014 (rough estimate)

  19. Summary • Fermilab proton complex can be upgraded to produce a Neutrino Superbeam • 270 kW peak (180 kW ave.) available today • 430 kW upgrades are in progress • Proton Plan • 700 kW ANU upgrade for NOvA (nearing approval…) • Slip-stack in 8 GeV Storage ring • 1.2 MW SNuMI upgrade (still in early planning) • Momentum(?)-stack at 8 GeV • ≥ 2 MW beams are under still under consideration (R&D) • HINS / Proton Driver .

  20. Proton Upgrades at FermilabRobert ZwaskaFermilabMarch 12, 2007Midwest Accelerator Physics Collaboration MeetingIndiana University Cyclotron Facility

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