Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

1. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools Stephanie Thomas, Florida Solar Energy Center A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida Madren Center, Clemson, South Carolina Friday, April 4, 2003 – 1:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m.

2. Professional Development Academy • P E R C • Presentation Synopsis • Overview of PERC • Process • Case Study • Why PERC? • Wrap up Thinking Green Project Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

3. Professional Development Academy • P E R C • Performance Enhanced Relocatable Classroom • Department of Energy & National Association of State Energy Officials • Improve relocatable classroom construction • Monitor side-by-side • Analyze cost effectiveness with respect to safety & energy performance • Publish on Website Thinking Green OVERVIEW What is PERC Funded by… Objectives Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

4. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C OVERVIEW How we got here • Reports & other research • FSECwww.fsec.ucf.edu/%7bdac/pubs/cr1272/& • www.fsec.ucf.edu/%bdac/pubs/cr951/cr951.htm • OOEwww.energy.state.or.us/school/schlhm.htm • WSU CEEPwww.energy.wsu.edu/buildings/files/ba_pinewood.pdf & • www.fsec.ucf.edu/Bldg/baihp/DATA/Portables/index.htm • LBNLhttp://buildings.lbl.gov/hpcbs/ • Heschong Mahone Groupwww.h-m-g.com/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf Premise Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

5. WhiteAsphalt Shingles Techshield Radiant BarrierSheathing 12” R-11 Formaldehyde Free Interior Finish R-11 Formaldehyde Free Non-permeable backing Carpet Tile R-19 Formaldehyde-Free Insulation Professional Development Academy Waterford Elementary School, Orlando, FL P E R C Thinking Green PROCESS • Enhance envelope & systems performance • Improve IAQ & thermal comfort • Increase energy efficiency • Lower maintenance • Improve academic performance levels (daylight) Improvements Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

6. Professional Development Academy WhiteAsphalt Shingles TechShield R.B. Sheathing 12” R-38Formaldehyde Free T-11 Interior Finish R-11Formaldehyde Free 1” E.P.S Non-permeable backing Carpet Tile R-19 Formaldehyde-Free Insulation P E R C Thinking Green PROCESS • Enhance envelope Improvements • Roof - White shingles - Techshield RB - R-19 to R-38 • Wall - R-11 to R-18 - Add 1” e.p.s. • Doors - Min. R-12 foam core • Windows - Double, low-e, gas- fill, vinyl frame • Floor - R-14 to R-21 Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

7. Professional Development Academy Lights - Reduce # of fixtures; decrease # of lamps; increase CRI; use more efficient lamps - Occupancy control & photosensor; dimmable ballasts with manual override P E R C Thinking Green PROCESS • Enhance systems performance • (will improve IAQ, thermal comfort, & energy efficiency) Improvements HVAC - Upgrade 3.5 ton A/C to 3 ton heat pump w/ ERV - Upgrade SEER 10 to SEER 12 - Add 1” R-6 duct board insulation to duct main - Ensure duct leakage not more than 5% at 50Pa - Controls: CS 2000 Energy monitor w/ manual override; on-demand, variable speed ventilation (CO2) Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

8. Professional Development Academy • 2nd-5th grade students • 21,000 test scores assessed • Students progressed 20% faster on math tests • Students progressed 26% faster on reading tests • Students have 7-18% higher test scores • Relocatables constituted 40% of the data set • (3 districts in CA, CO & WA) Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools Thinking Green P E R C • Improve academic performance levels (daylight) PROCESS Results of Daylighting in Schools Report Daylight Yamato Colony Elementary School, CA www.sunoptics.com Capistrano Unified School District, CA. www.h-m-g.com/Daylighting/schoolc.pdf

9. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Optimal Skylight Design PROCESS Daylight Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

10. Professional Development Academy 24’ 10’ 12’ 36’ Thinking Green P E R C Optimal Skylight Design PROCESS Daylight 4 Skylights Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

11. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Optimal Skylight Design PROCESS Daylight 4 Skylights 6 Skylights (8 sq. ft ea.) 8 Skylights Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

12. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Optimal Skylight Design PROCESS Daylight Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

13. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Optimal Skylight Design/Layout PROCESS Daylight 2’ x 4” skylight 24’x 36’ Relocatable Classroom Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

14. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Optimal Skylight Design PROCESS Daylight (3) lamp dim. fixture (4) Lamp (2 step) fixture 2’x4’ Skylight, w/ 4’x6’ well a.f.c. PERC Reflected Ceiling Plan Typical RC Reflected Ceiling Plan

15. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Skylight Design/Detail PROCESS Improvements A-A Partial Section A Type IV (FL) Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

16. Professional Development Academy Photograph of NY PERC Cornwall, New York September 2002 (no electric lights on) Simulated Relocatable Classroom with Skylights using Autodesk Viz (3D Studio) Thinking Green P E R C Putting it all Together Case Study “Putting it Together” Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

17. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Energy Modeling vs. Actual CASE STUDY Energy Modeling vs. Actual (Measured) Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

18. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C End Use Measured & Predicted for NY Standard (or Control) Relocatable Wh per Square Foot per Day End Use Measured & Predicted for NY PERC (or Experimental) Relocatable CASE STUDY Energy Modeling vs. Actual (Measured) * Does not include bathroom space heating Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

19. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C End Use Measured in Site Built Construction kBtu per Square Foot per Year CASE STUDY Energy Modeling vs. Actual (Measured) Avg. school convert to kWh/sf/day 100kBtu/sf-yr=146Wh/sf-day 120 school days a year Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

20. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Results CASE STUDY Results Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

21. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Incremental Cost Data CASE STUDY HVAC Equipment/Materials $4,479 *Upgraded Insulation $1,387 Lights $1,000 *Daylighting/Windows $3,300 Exhaust fans (low sonne) $58 Carpet 1,500 TOTAL $11, 724 Cost Payback period when savings $1,600 per year = 7.32 years * Does not include labor or overhead charges associated with option upgrades typical of manufacturers for “one-off” work orders.

22. Professional Development Academy Candy Cane Mobiles can activate occupancy sensors, December 2002 Thinking Green P E R C Problems Lessons Learned CASE STUDY • Eliminate integrated skylight & automated controls • Fixture layout • Skylight wells a must – 20% increase • “Hanging Candy Cane Theory” (HVAC controls) • Oversized auxilary strip heat on heat pumps • Roof deck insulation with sealed attic • Sound measurement issue • Educate/Inform Teachers & Maintenance Staff • Communication & Education with • Manufacturer vital • Aesthetics are not always a top priority Lessons “Bump out” afterthought for aesthetic reasons, may lead to susceptible consequences Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

23. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C As-Built Relocatable Classrooms CASE STUDY Willow Avenue Middle School Cornwall, NY Exterior View of Reloctable Classrooms, December 2002 Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

24. Professional Development Academy Waterproofing Repair Rooftop view of Skylights, September 2002 Thinking Green P E R C As-Built Relocatable Classrooms CASE STUDY Willow Avenue Middle School Cornwall, NY Rooftop view of Skylights, September 2002 Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

25. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C As-Built Relocatable Classrooms CASE STUDY Willow Avenue Middle School Cornwall, NY Interior View of NY PERC ( no electric lights), September 2002 Interior View of NY Standard RC ( no electric lights), September 2002 Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

26. Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C • Why PERC? • 36% of the nation’s schools use relocatables • Relocatables are plagued as energy hogs • Suspected source of health problems • Perceived as low quality learning environment • Constructed to the minimum standards • Explosive growth in public school enrollments continuing • SC has 3,600-4,000 relocatables (Office of School Facilities, SC Department of Energy, circa 2001) Why PERC? WHY? has ASTHMA Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools

27. A room is not a room without natural light. Natural light gives the time of day and the mood of the seasons to enter. - Louis Kahn Professional Development Academy Thinking Green P E R C Research & Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Schools