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HELL LECTURE 2

HELL LECTURE 2. OLD ENGLISH (AD 449 - 1050). THE GERMANIC SPLIT. OLD ENGLISH CHRONOLOGY. AD 449 – 700 PRE-OLD ENGLISH 700 – 900 – EARLY OLD ENGLISH 900 – 1100 – LATE OLD ENGLISH. OLD ENGLISH DIALECTS. NORTHUMBRIAN *– North England MERCIAN *– the Midlands WEST SAXON – West England

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HELL LECTURE 2

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  1. HELL LECTURE 2 OLD ENGLISH (AD 449 - 1050)

  2. THE GERMANIC SPLIT

  3. OLD ENGLISH CHRONOLOGY • AD 449 – 700 PRE-OLD ENGLISH • 700 – 900 – EARLY OLD ENGLISH • 900 – 1100 – LATE OLD ENGLISH

  4. OLD ENGLISH DIALECTS • NORTHUMBRIAN *– North England • MERCIAN *– theMidlands • WEST SAXON – West England • KENTISH – Kent ---- * = ANGLIAN

  5. THE INTERNAL & EXTERNAL HELL • Theinternal development = theevolution of languagestructure (i.e., phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and writing) • Theexternal development = non-structuralfactors & their influence on both development and course of thelg. development:

  6. EXTERNAL FACTORS • POLITICAL • SOCIAL • ECONOMIC • SCIENTIFIC • CULTURAL

  7. SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR HELL • HISTORIES • GRAMMARS • WRITTEN RECORDS = Latin-Englishbilingualtexts

  8. THE GERMANIC INVASION & CONQUEST OF BRITAIN • AD 449 – thebeginning of theGermanicinvasion • c. 429 – Prosper Tiro • 5th c. – AnonymousGaullishchronicler • c. 548 – Gildas’ Liber querulus de excidioBritanniae(Welsh) • Nennius’ Historia Britonum(Welsh) • c. 500 – Zosimos/Olypiodonus (Greek/Byzantine) • C. 550 – Procopius of Cesarea • c. 731 – Bede’sHistoria ecclesiasticagentisAnglorum • End of the 9th c. – theAnglo-SaxonChronicle(449 - 473)

  9. OLD – MIDDLE – MODERN ENGLISH

  10. ANGLO-SAXON BRITAIN (ENGLAND) ENGLISH < Englisc ENGLAND < Englaland The race of Angles = Angelcynn

  11. CHRISTIANITY • AD 597 – St. Augustine on a missioninBritain • 601 – theArchbishopric of Canterbury • 604 – Kent ischristianised • Essex & East Anglia • 625 – 627 – York • 635 – Wessex • 681 – Sussex • 633-650 – Northumbria • 655 – Mercia • 664 – the Synod of Whitby • 700 – allBritainisChristian

  12. EARLY LATIN BORROWINGS • Apostol • Pāpa • Munuc • Abbot • Mæsse • Fers • Scōl • Mægester

  13. NATIVE CHRISTIAN LEXIS • Hēahfᴂder • Gōdspell • Hælend • Heofon • Gāst • Hālga

  14. THE VIKING INVASIONS • AD 787 – 1042 - ScandinaviansraidBritain # 1 – Danishinvaders #2 – Norwegianinvaders 1st period – 787 – 850 – Danishinvasions 2nd period – 865 – 973 – Danishraids; - Guthrum’sDanelaw - King Alfred the Great (886 - London) 3rd period – 991 – 1042 – Danish and Norwegian Invasions

  15. ONE NATION • Theassimilation of theVikings and theEnglish • Viking settlementsin Northern England: Cumberland, Westermoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire Culturalsimilarities Linguisticsimilarities Mixedmarriages

  16. VIKING LINGUISTIC INFLUENCES #1 Viking personalnames: Harold, Swegen, Tostig, Gunhild, Hacun, Ulf #2 loanwords: bull, egg, fellow, gap, keel, law, sister, sky, window, call, get, take, want #3 grammaticalmodifications= a simplifiedgrammar # 4 Placenamesin: -by; -thorp(e); -thwaite; -toft # 5 Hybrids: Goldcytel, Leofstegen, Swartric

  17. THE RUNES – 1ST C. AD

  18. OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE • Extremelyrich – charters, wills, documents & literature • Theearly period: • Paganpoetry on heroicadventure, war and itsaftermath • Christian poetry on Old and New Testament themes & lives of saints • 8-9th c. Boewulf • Cædmon – 1st Englishpoet • Cynewulf – Anglianpoetry The 9th c. - thebeginning of Englishprose: • ælfric – prose • Wulfstan – TheSermon to theEnglish • Alfred the Great – Latintranslationsinto Old English

  19. WEST SAXON • Standard Old English (10th – 11th c.) • Winchester: the Old Minsterscriptorium (Benedictine monastery: ælfric and Wulfstan • SOE isusedacrossEngland • Declinesafter AD 1066

  20. OE LEXICON Lexicon • Basic words inherited from IE or Germanic: • - 1-10 numerals (an, twegen, þrie, feower, fif, syx, seofon, eahta, nigon, tyn), • - kinship terms (modor, faeder); • - some Germanic/West Germanic-only languages: baec "back”, ban "bone“) folc "folk“) grund "ground", rotian "to rot”, seoc "sick”, swellan "to swell“) werig "weary", wifwife“) blod "blood", cniht "young man," "knight“) • - miscellaneous vocabulary: cyning ("king"), fierd ("English army"), here ("Viking army"), scop ("poet"), scyppend ("Shaper," "Creator," "God"), Metod ("Measurer," "God"), rice ("kingdom"), wig ("battle"), wiga ("warrior"), feond ("enemy") • - a few Celtic borrowings, some place names: Thames, Dover, London, Cornwall, Carlisle, Avon, others: dunn "dun“) binn "bin," "basket, hogg "hog“) • - some Scandinavian influence: e.g. ran "rapine“) ha "rowlock”, cnearr "small ship”, orrest "battle“) • - Latin influence words for religious, intellectual concepts/activities, plants: e.g. abbod ("abbot"), engel ("angel"), candle ("candle"), martir ("martyr"), scol ("school") peru ("pear"), persic ("peach"), lilie ("lily") • - calques or loan translations: Latin unicornis, OE anhorn ("unicorn"); Latin evangelium, Old English godspell ("gospel") Word-formation: • - Compounding: noun+noun, e.g. sunbeam ("sunbeam," "sunshine"), • adjective+noun, e.g. yfelweorc ("evil-work," "wrongdoing")), • adverb+noun, e.g. innefeoh ("inside-treasure," "household property"), • compound adjectives, e.g. isceald ("ice-cold"), wishydig ("wise-thinking"), some compound adverbs, eg. neafre (ne-aefre, "not-ever," "never"), eallmaest (eall-maest, "all-most," "almost"), • compound verbs, e.g. goldhordian (gold-hordian, "to hoard gold") • ge-, a very frequently used prefix; employed to create new words from existing ones (nouns and verbs) and to denote some past participles: • broðor (brother), gebroðor (member of a religious community) • nipan (to grow dark), genip (darkness) • sprecan ("to speak"), gesprecen ("spoken") • -nes, -ung, -dom, -scipe to form abstractnouns, etc.; examples: wis ("wise"), wisdom ("wisdom"); freond ("friend"), freondscipe ("friendship"); leornian ("to learn"), leornung ("learning") hard-ness, wis-dom, friend-ship); heah ("high"), heahnes ("highness") • -ere, -end, -a, -bora to derive agent nouns,e.g.: ridan ("to ride"), ridere ("rider"); beran ("to carry," "to bear," "to support"), berend ("carrier"); wig ("battle"), wiga ("warrior"); mund ("trust, "protection"), mundbora ("protector") • -ig, -lic, -ful, -leas, -ed, -isc, -sum to form adjectives, etc.; examples: freond ("friend"), freondlic ("friendly"), freondleas ("friendless"); miht ("might," "power," "strength"), mihtig ("mighty," "powerful"); (cf. speedy, manly, bountiful, mindless, bow-legged, childish, handsome) • un-, in-, ofer-, æfter-, fore-, mis-, under-, etc. e.g: unræd("without wisdom," "un-ready"); ingangan ("to go in"); ofermod ("over-mood," "pride"); misdon ("to do evil"); understandan ("to understand") • loss in PDE of large part of OE vocabulary (50-80 %) Prosody = stresspatterns • major stressintherootsyllable, e.g. mórgen "morning” • compounds stressed on the 1st element e.g. hwáelweg ("whale-way" "ocean")

  21. OLD ENGLISH – TEXT SAMPLE Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (867 A.D.): • Her for se here of East EnglumoferHumbremuþan to Eoforwicceastre on Norþhymbre, ondþærwæsmicelungeþuærnesþæreþeodebetweox him selfum, ondhiehæfdunhieracyningaworpenneOsbryht, ondungecyndnecyningunderfengonÆllan; ondhie late on geare to þamgecirdonþæthiewiþþone here winnendewærun, ondhieþeahmiclefierdgegadrodon, ondþone here sohtonætEoforwicceastre, ond on þaceastrebræcon, ondhiesumeinnewurdon, ondþær was ungemetlicwælgeslægenNorþanhymbra, sumebinnan, sumebutan; ondþacyningasbegenofslægene, ondsiolafwiþþone here friþnam

  22. OLD ENGLISH - TRANSLATION • Here the Viking army travelled from East Anglia over the mouth of the Humber River to the castle of York in Northumbria. And there was much discord of the people amongst themselves; and they overthrew their king Osbryht; and accepted instead as king Allan who was of ignoble descent. And they, late that year, turned toward the Vikings so that they engaged them in fighting. And although they gathered a great army and sought the Vikings at York and broke into the castle and some of them got inside, there was unmeasurable slaughter of Northumbrians, some within, some without. And the kings both were slain and the rest made peace with the Vikings.

  23. OE GRAPHICS • Graphics • the beginning of Christian era - the alphabet employed by the Germanics was the Futhorc/Runic alphabet; • the 6th-century Christianization of England - adoption of Latin/Roman alphabet; • handwriting in EOE manuscripts - Irish scribes’ influence( = Insular hand) • Special characters in OE writing: • thorn: þ (th) - derived from the runic alphabet, e.g.: þæt= "that" • eth: ð (voiced th), e.g.: ðeoden= "prince” • ash: æ - the name "ash“ comes from the name of a runic symbol but the runic character is different, e.g.: ælf ="elf" • wen/wynn: (w)-example; æpen = "weapon" • the OE grapheme for “g” was • Punctuation: • - raised point, semicolon, and inverted semicolon = pause; • - no capitals/lowercase distinctions

  24. OE MORPHOLOGY I - TENDENCIES • Loss of inflections: - reduction of vowels in unstressed inflectional endings, - need for syntactical support (word order) and prepositions

  25. OE MORPHOLOGY - NOUNS OE nouns had: • grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), • singular and plural number, • "strong" or "weak" classificationaccording to the distinctness of their inflectional endings • specific inflectional endings in each of the cases used in Old English: nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative + (instrumental) E.g., bāt ("boat") (SM): • Singular • Nominative: bātAccusative: bātGenitive: bātesDative: bāte • Plural • Nominative: bātasAccusative: bātasGenitive: bātaDative: bātum • Samplesentence: • se bātseglodefīfdagas = "the boat sailed for five days„ • Bātes segl is lytel = "the boat's sail is small [little]” • fīfbātasseglodonofer brim = "five boats sailed over the sea” • seglasbātasindlytele = "the sails of the boats are small”

  26. OE ADJECTIVES • inflected in 2 ways: • 1) weak (when accompanied by a demonstrative, numeral, or possessive pronoun), • 2) strong (when it was accompanied by no supporting words). • An adjective had to agree with its noun in gender, number, and case. E.g.: • wiga stag readnebāt= "the warrior boarded the red boat” • Weak forms: sēoblindemūs="the blind mouse”, þrēoblindanmýs= "three blind mice“ • Strong forms: blind mus ="blind mouse”, blindamýs= "blind mice"

  27. OE PRONOUNS • Personal Pronouns- 1st, 2nd and 3rd person forms; • - singular, dual, and plural numbers; • - declined according to the standard cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative • In the OE nominative case, they are: • ic= ”I“, þū= "you”-sing.,hē= "he", hēo= "she”, hit = "it”, • wē= "we", gē= "you”plur., hīe = "they" • E.g.: iclufieþē = "I love you“ • Demonstrative pronouns/adjectives- se = "that," "the” • - þes = " this“ • - inflected for gender, number, and case + some instrumental forms. • - agreed with their referents and with any nouns or other adjectives when used adjectivally. • The basic nominative forms are: • "that": se (masc.sing.), þaet (neuter sing.), seo (fem. Sing.), þa (plural) • "this": þes (masc. Sing.) , þis (neuter sing.), þeos (fem.sing.), þas (plural) • E.g: þeoswīf is fæegere = "this woman is beautiful [fair]” • Interrogative pronouns- hwā= "who” • - hwæt ="what” - bothinflected according to gender and case. • E.g. : hwāeartþū= "who are you?" • Other pronouns- þe (= a relative pronoun) = "the one that") • - indefinite pronouns: ælc("each"), hwilc ("which"), aenig ("any", eall ("all"), nan ("none"), swilc ("such"), sum ("some"), man ("one")

  28. OE VERBS – STRONG : WEAK • Verbs- the infinitive: -an e.g, faran = "to travel” • - inflected for tense, person, number, and mood • - two tenses: present and preterite • -strong and weak classificationaccording to how they formed their past tenses: • STRONG VERBS: • - 7 classes • - ablaut system = vowel-rootchange • - strong verbs : 4 principal parts: • Inf.: singan = "to sing” • past sing.: sang = "[she] sang” • past plur.: sungon= "[they] sang” • past part.: (ge)sungen = "sung” • E.g.: þaetleoðwæsgesungen = "the song was sung”

  29. OE VERBS – WEAK & IRREGULAR Weakverbs: • - a Germanic innovation = "dental preterite" verbs • -their past tense was formedwith a dental suffix [d] > ModE. regular verbs • E.g.: seglan= "to sail” > seglode = "sailed” Otherverbs: • Irregular: beon/wesan= "be", dōn= "do”, willan="will", gān ="go" • ”preterite-present verbs” - their present tense forms = past tenses in earlier stages of the language) • E.g: sculan, cunnan, magan, agan, dearr, durfan >ModE. modal auxiliaries: shall, can, may, ought, dare, must • magan ="be able", mæg= "may”, meahte = "might” • sculan= "be obliged", sceal= "shall", sceolde="should”

  30. OE UNINFLECTED WORD 1. prepositions (governing the case): • to ("to"), for ("for"), be ("by"), in ("in"), under ("under"), ofer ("over"), mid ("with"), wiþ ("against" or "with"), fram ("from"), geond ("throughout"), þurh ("through"), ymbe ("around"), of ("of") E.g.: heoseglodeofer brim = "she sailed over the sea” ("brim“ = Acc.recquired by "ofer“) 2. conjunctions: • - and ("and"), ac ("but"), gif ("if") , þeah ("although"), forþæm ("because") 3. adverbs: • - often formed with –e / -lice + an adjective, e.g.: riht= ”right” >rihte / rihtlice = "rightly” 4. interjections: la = "lo!", eala = "alas!”, hwæt = "what!”,"ah!" "behold!"

  31. OE SYNTAX • modifiers close to modified word • prepositions precede objects • interrogative formed by inverting the subject and the verb • Subject-Verb-Object order in main declarative clauses, • Verb-Subject-Object in interrogative and imperative clauses • parataxis: phrases often strung together with simple conjunctions, e.g.: • and ("and"), ac("but"), þa ("then"); • (hypotaxis) subordination:þa, gif, forþan • examples: • seamannanwaeronmeðe and scipu ne seglodon = "the sailors were tired and the ships did not sail") • forþanseamannanmeðewaeron, scipu ne seglodon= "because the sailors were tired, the ship did not sail" • idioms: genitive + numerals: (twentiggeara, "twenty of years")

  32. OE PHONOLOGY • Old English consonants: • [p]: pat, [b]: bat, • [t]: time, [d]: dime, • [k]: came, [g]: game, • [ʧ]: chump, [ʤ]: jump, • [f]: fat, [θ]: thigh • [s]: sap, [ʃ]: glacier/mesher, • [h]: ham, [m]: man, [n]: nun, [l]: lamp, [r]: ramp, [w]: world, [j]: yore/you • The sounds [ʧ], [ʃ], [ʤ] were Old English innovations derived from CG [sk], [k], [gg]. Germanic[g] > [j], e.g.: • clǽne ("clean"), crypel ("cripple"), corn ("corn"), cyning ("king") (originalGermanic[k], before a consonant / back vowel) • ceap ("cheap"), cild ("child"), dic ("ditch") (newsound[ʧ], next to a front vowel;< Germanic [k]) • fisc ("fish"), wascan ("wash"), scearp("sharp") (newsound[ʃ] in all environments;< Germanic [sk]) • græs ("grass"), god ("god"), gyltig ("guilty") (originalGermanic [g] before consonants and back vowels) • brycg ("bridge"), secg ("sedge"), mycg ("midge") (newsound [ʤ] < Germanic [gg]; in medial / final position) • gear ("year"), giet ("yet"), gellan ("yell") (semi-vowel [j] before / between front vowels) • no phonemic voiced fricatives in Old English ([v], [ð], [z], []) • OE [h] always distinctly pronounced, e.g.:hræfn = "raven", hand = "hand”, sihþ= "vision," "sight”, eahta= "eight”, heah= "high", þurh = "through” • Distinctly pronounced consonant clusters (/hr/, /hl/, /hn/, /hw/, /kn/, /gn/) • E.g.: hlaford = "lord”; hlæfdige= "lady”; hræfn = "raven”; hlūd = "loud”; sometimes still spelled, but not pronounced in modern English: what, whale, whistle, knee, gnat • Old English Vowels • a, e, i, o, u had sounds = modern Spanish, Italian, German • Vowel length = phonemic, e.g. OE god = "god“ :gōd="good“ • Some phonological changes from Common Germanic to Old English: • Front mutation ( = i-umlaut / i-mutation): if stressed syllable + unstressed syllablewith [i] or [j], the stressedvowel was fronted /raised: • e.g. Gothic: doms ="judgment," "doom”,domjan ="to judge”, OE: dōm, dēman >ModEng: doom, deem • Germanic plural endings with i> OEfōt, fēt, ModEng foot, feet; others: man/men, tooth/teeth, goose/geese, louse/lice; in comparatives/superlatives: old/elder; derived verbs, sit/set, lie/lay, fall/fell • !Reduction of vowels in unstressed inflectional endings!

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