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TEEN MOMS

TEEN MOMS. By: Teena Marshall, Chad Duke, Troy Gasner, Caroline Smith, Ashley Swinarski, and Linda Esther. BACKGROUND. Since 2007, rates of teen pregnancy are on the decline… In 2009 Teen birth rates for 15-19 years old decreased overall 6% among all races and ethnic backgrounds…

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TEEN MOMS

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  1. TEEN MOMS By: Teena Marshall, Chad Duke, Troy Gasner, Caroline Smith, Ashley Swinarski, and Linda Esther

  2. BACKGROUND • Since 2007, rates of teen pregnancy are on the decline… • In 2009 Teen birth rates for 15-19 years old decreased overall 6% among all races and ethnic backgrounds… • White non-Hispanic • Black non-Hispanic • American Indian/Alaskan Native • American Pacific/Hispanic Teen Birth Rates Declined Again in 2009. (2011). Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/features/dsteenpregnancy/#source

  3. BACKGROUND (cont.) • Even though birth rates are down and on the decline general factors of teen pregnancy tend to be associated with: • Being sexually active • Lack of access to or poor use of contraception • Living in poverty • Having parents with low levels of education • Poor performance in school • Growing up in a single-parent family. Teen Birth Rates Declined Again in 2009. (2011). Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/features/dsteenpregnancy/#source

  4. SEXUAL ACTIVITY • The average age of first intercourse among girls and boys… • Predictors of sexual intercourse among teens: • Early onset of pubertal development • History of sexual abuse • Poverty • Lack of attentive and nurturing parents • Cultural and family patterns or early sexual experience • Lack of school or career goals • Substance abuse • Poor school performance or dropping out of school Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286.

  5. TRENDS IN ADOLESCENTS CHILDBEARING • “Approximately 51% of adolescent pregnancies end in live births, 35% end in induced abortion, and 14% in miscarriage or stillbirth.” • Further studies show and indicate that once a teenager has had 1 infant, she increases her risk of having another. (approx. 25% of adolescent births are not first births) Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286.

  6. TRENDS IN ADOLESCENT CHILDBEARING • Are teen pregnancies unintended or intended? Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286.

  7. MEDICAL RISKS OF ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY • Teenagers younger than 17 years of age have a higher incidence and include the following factors of biological, medical, and social… • Low birth weight (more than double the rate of adults) • Neonatal death rate (within 28 days of birth) is almost 3 times higher • Poor maternal weight gain • Premature births • Poor nutritional status • Low prepregnancy weight, height, and parity • Poor birth outcomes • Smoking • Drug use • Inadequate prenatal care Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286.

  8. Values, Beliefs and Customary Practices of Teenage Mothers • Teenage mothers and fathers believe that having a baby will • Develop closer bonds between each other in terms of a more serious and romantic relationship • Will prevent them from experiencing loneliness • (Minnick & Shandler, 2011)

  9. Values, Beliefs and Customary Practices of Teenage Mothers • According to the three sources of information, the book, articles and interview • Teenage mothers expressed that they never worried about becoming pregnant • It was also not seen as a negative life event in their culture • It was reported that family’s and friends supported each individual (Minnick & Shandler, 2011) Personal Communication: Living Grace House Owens (2010)

  10. Values, Beliefs and Customary Practices of Society • Society feels differently about teenage pregnancy • Teenagers who have children at a young age are a disgrace to society • Teenagers are too young to be mothers or take on the responsibilities to raise children correctly • Teenager mothers become a burden to society (Luscombe, 2010)

  11. Social Justice issues • Poverty and income • Overall child well-being • Health issues • Education • Out of wedlock births linked to teen-pregnancy (http://www.thenationalcampaign.org)

  12. Disparities in Rates of Unintended Pregnancy • Unmarried (particularly cohabiting) women • Low-income women • Women who had not completed high school • Minority women • Girls age 15-19 • Teen pregnancy rate among Hispanic and black teen girls age 15-19 was more than two and a half times higher than the teen pregnancy rate among non-Hispanic white teen (Meana& Thaler, 2004)

  13. Babies of teen-age moms • Poor • Drop out of high school • Lower grade-point averages • Lower college aspirations • Poorer school attendance records • As adults, they also have higher rates of divorce • The teen pregnancy rate varies greatly by state, ranging • 33 per 1,000 teen girls in New Hampshire • 93 per 1,000 teen girls in New Mexico (http://www.thenationalcampaign.org),(Meana, & Thaler, 2004)

  14. When is Contraception used?

  15. Teen Mothers • Teenagers who do not use a method of birth control at first intercourse • Twice as likely to become teen mothers (http://www.cdc.gov)

  16. Health Disparities • Insurance options at certain religiously-affiliated educational institutions will not cover contraceptive information or services • Youths are concerned with privacy and disclosure to their parents • Co-pays are often too high • Young adults face being uninsured during transitional periods, such as moving between locations or between jobs

  17. Where are the women?

  18. AOTA emerging practice areas Occupational Therapy • Services to address the psychological needs of youth and children • Health and wellness consulting

  19. Occupational therapy Prior successful programs • Clear message • Last a sufficient length of time (i.e. more than a few weeks). • Select leaders who believe in the program and provide them with adequate training • Actively engage participants and have them personalize the information • Address peer pressure • Teach communication skills • Reflect the age • Reflect the culture (Kaye, Suellentrop, & Sloup, 2009)

  20. Book/Article REVIEW Life After Birth A Memoir of Survival and Success as a TEENAGE MOTHER by Summer Owens

  21. SYNTHESIS • Get the Facts • Why does this matter? • What can You do?

  22. REFERENCES • Cowley, C., Farley, T. (2001). Adolescent girls’ attitudes toward pregnancy. Journal of Family Practice. July 2001. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0689/is_7_50/ai_76751072/ • Hamilton, B.E., Martin, J.A. & Ventura, S.J. (2010). Births: Preliminary data for 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports, 59(3). • Kaye, K., Suellentrop, K., and Sloup, C. (2009). The Fog Zone: How Misperceptions, Magical Thinking, and Ambivalence Put Young Adults at Risk for Unplanned Pregnancy. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. • Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286. • Macleod, C., & Tracey, T. (2010). A decade later: follow-up review of South African research on the consequences of and contributory factors in teen-aged pregnancy. South African Journal of Psychology, 40(1), 18-31. • Martin, J.A., Hamilton, B.E., Sutton, P.D., Ventura, S.J., Menacker, F., Kirmeyer, S., Mathews, T.J. (2009). Births: Final data for 2006. Centers for Disease Control: Division of Vital Statistic, 57(7), 102. Retrieved From http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_07.pdf • Meana, M., & Thaler, L. (2004). Teen sexuality and pregnancy in Nevada (Master's thesis). 5 November. Retrieved February 13, 2012. • Minnick, D.J., & Shandler, L. (2011). Changing adolescent perceptions on teenage pregnancy. Oxford Journals: Practice Highlights, 33(4), 241-248. Retrieved From http://cs.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/4/241.full.pdf • National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. ( 2002). Not just a another single issue: Teen pregnancy prevention’s link to other critical social issues. Washington, DC: Author. • Owens, S. (2010). Life after birth: A memoir of survival and success as a teenage mother. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. • Reinberg, S. (2012, January19).More than half of teens who gave birth weren’t using contraception: CDC. Health Day. Retrieved From http://www.highbeam.com • Teen Birth Rates Declined Again in 2009. (2011). Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/features/dsteenpregnancy/#source • Tracy L. Glass, T. L., Tucker, K., Stewart, R., Baker, T. E., Kauffm, R. P. (2010). Infant feeding and contraceptive practices among adolescents with a high teen pregnancy rate: A 3-year retrospective study. Journal of Woman’s Health, 19, 9 1659-1653.

  23. GROUP ACTIVITY • Please get into your presentation groups…

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