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Introduction to Data Analysis: Exploring and Making Sense of Data

In this class, we will learn the goals of data analysis, the individual and variable identification, and the process of organizing, displaying, and summarizing data. We will also explore distributions, explore relationships among variables, and make inferences about populations based on samples.

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Introduction to Data Analysis: Exploring and Making Sense of Data

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  1. Do Now • On a sheet of paper, copy down the format of the paper to the right of the screen. • Turn in Student Survey at my rolling desk. • Answer the following INDEPENDENTLY and SILENTLY (use syllabus if needed): • What are the goals for this class? • When is the signed syllabus due? • List three things you are looking forward to in class this year. • List two things you are not looking forward to in class this year. • List one thing I can directly help you with.

  2. CHAPTER 1Exploring Data Introduction Data Analysis: Making Sense of Data

  3. Data Analysis: Making Sense of Data • IDENTIFY the individuals and variables in a set of data • CLASSIFY variables as categorical or quantitative

  4. Data Analysis Statisticsis the science of data. Data Analysis is the process of organizing, displaying, summarizing, and asking questions about data. • Individuals • objects described by a set of data • Variable • any characteristic of an individual • Categorical Variable • places an individual into one of several groups or categories. • Quantitative Variable • takes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an average.

  5. Data Analysis A variablegenerally takes on many different values. • We are interested in how often a variable takes on each value. • Distribution • tells us what values a variable takes and how often it takes those values. Dotplot of MPG Distribution Variable of Interest: MPG

  6. How to Explore Data Examine each variable by itself. Then study relationships among the variables. Start with a graph or graphs Add numerical summaries

  7. From Data Analysis to Inference Population Sample Collect data from a representative Sample... Make an Inference about the Population. Perform Data Analysis, keeping probability in mind…

  8. Activity – Hiring Discrimination: It Just Won’t Fly! • An airline has just finished training 25 pilots – 15 male and 10 female – to become captains. Unfortunately, only 8 captain positions are available right now. Airline managers announce that they will use a lottery to determine which pilots will fill the available positions. The names of all 25 pilots will be written on identical slips of paper. The slips will be place in a hat, mixed thoroughly, and drawn out one at a time until all eight captains have been identified.

  9. Activity – Hiring Discrimination: It Just Won’t Fly! • A day later, managers announce the results of the lottery. Of the 8 captains chosen, 5 are female and 3 are male. Some of the male pilots who weren’t selected suspect that the lottery was not carried out fairly. One of these pilots asks your statistics class for advice about whether to file a grievance with the pilots’ union. • The key question in this possible discrimination case seems to be: Is it plausible (believable) that these results happened just by chance? To find out, you and your classmates will simulate the lottery process that airline managers said they used.

  10. Activity – Hiring Discrimination: It Just Won’t Fly! • Based on your results, does it seem believable that airline managers carried out a fair lottery? • What advice would you give the male pilot who contacted you? • Would your advice change if the lottery had chosen 6 female (and 2 male)? • What about 7 female pilots?

  11. Data Analysis: Making Sense of Data • A dataset contains information on individuals. • For each individual, data give values for one or more variables. • Variables can be categorical or quantitative. • The distribution of a variable describes what values it takes and how often it takes them. • Inference is the process of making a conclusion about a population based on a sample set of data.

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