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AIR HIJAU & KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN smno.psdlub.2013

MK. PENGELOLAAN SDALH. AIR HIJAU & KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN smno.psdl.ppsub.2013. Sustainable development and innovation Water, ecohydrology and energy EPFL, Lausanne 3 March 2009 Food and environmental sustainability – The water perspective _________________________.

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AIR HIJAU & KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN smno.psdlub.2013

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  1. MK. PENGELOLAAN SDALH AIR HIJAU & KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN smno.psdl.ppsub.2013

  2. Sustainable development and innovationWater, ecohydrology and energyEPFL,Lausanne 3 March 2009Food and environmental sustainability – The water perspective_________________________ Professor M.Falkenmark Stockholm International Water Institute Stockholm Resilience Center. 2009

  3. KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN:Environmental sustainability__________________________ Non-undermining of the life support system Apa peranan air bersih – freshwater ? • sebagai ”DARAH” bagi BIOSPHERE

  4. Air : Inti dari sistem penunjang kehidupan Air = Denominator Umum * bloodstream of the biosphere * life elexir for human society

  5. DUA MACAM BENTUK AIR HUJAN M.Falkenmark March 09

  6. NERACA AIR GLOBAL Precipitation 100 % 65 % 35 % M.Falkenmark March 09

  7. Fungsi-fungsi air aquatic ecosystems Kesehatan habitat body functions waterfunctions waterfunctions carrier erosion, pollutant transport socio-economic production income raising energy (hydropower, cooling) biomassproduction food, timber, biofuels M.Falkenmark March 09

  8. Ecosystem protection__________________________ • WHY - fundamental roles in life support system • WHAT - specific landscape component - ecosystem functioning/ resilience ” • HOW - determinant identification - minimum requirement • integrated catchment management offers a way / ILWRM M.Falkenmark March 09

  9. MASYARAKAT & AIR Kebutuhan Individu Kebutuhan Sosial Kebutuhan Ekologis

  10. Manusia dan Masyarakatnya snagat tergantung pada air bersih • blue water withdrawal may be used in two main ways * some uses are throughflow-based use, sending return flow back - municipal use - industry * other uses are consumptive depletive water use-food, biofuels - timber, carbon sequestration M.Falkenmark March 09

  11. Perbedaan Hidro-klimatik Majority of poor and undernourished /ca 1 bln ca 450 million rainfed = water constrained agricultural production M.Falkenmark March 09

  12. Kendala hakiki: Variabilitas air • in water-constrained economies • hydrologic variability • complicates food production December rainfall Cereal yield M.Falkenmark March 09

  13. Air & Pembangunan Ekonomi *overcoming hydrological variability = basic -> Ketahanan Air minimum -- Tiga Kategori Daerah atau Negara: *those that have harnessed their hydrology industrial countries * those that are hampered by their hydrology emerging economies * those that remain hostages of their hydrology low income countries M.Falkenmark March 09

  14. TANTANGAN SERIUS : Ketahanan Pangan GlobalKelangkaan panganKrisis pangan

  15. Kebutuhan Air untuk Produksi Pangan Produksi pangan membutuhkan air 70 kali lebih banyak daripada kebutuhan domestik rumahtangga 3000 kcal/p d 20 % anim prot. M.Falkenmark March 09

  16. Preferensi Pangan dgn meningkatnya INCOME rich in meat Water requirement m3/cap day global average vegetarian diet M.Falkenmark March 09

  17. 2030 2002 Produksi Pangan 2050 • water needed to produce food required = HUGE irrigation cannot contribute much SSA small rivers ephemeral SAs river basins closing rest = to be covered by green water/soil moisture * can improve water productivity * can expand cropland Green revolution M.Falkenmark March 09

  18. Banyak air yang hilang untuk panen di Lahan Kering • Out of crop water required: • only 90 % as rain • * only 60 % infiltrates • * only 40 % stays in root zone • * only 1/3 of that taken up by roots • * rest evaporates Blue water generation Infiltrated and percolated gree iin g gre Stored in root zone M.Falkenmark March 09

  19. Pilihan di tingkat Nasional M.Falkenmark March 09

  20. Limited population growth (UN rather than A2 scenario) 2000km3/yr Perbaikanefisiensi air 2220 “ Pembangunan Irigasi430 “ Food import from water surplus countries 750 Cropland expansion into non-permanent pastures 130 “ Unresolved ultimate water deficit 1270“ Mengurangi Defisit Air M.Falkenmark March 09

  21. DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI: LINTAS BATAS DAERAH / KOTA/ KABUPATEN / PROPINSI / NEGARA

  22. Hubungan Hulu-Hilir - DAS Semiarid Trans-national upstream runoff generation 00=time zero 00 = forseeable future time 70 53->15 M.Falkenmark March 09

  23. Fleksibilitas: Hidup selalu berubah Hulu High Low Hilir Low High Euphr/Tigr Tujuan Pembangunan Limit upstr consumpt. use Attention to cons. use upstr Limit downstr requirem. Nile Niger M.Falkenmark March 09

  24. Semiarid transnational basin dilemma__________________________ • growing populations • food demands of new middle class increase quickly with income • food security essential to avoid unrest • institution-building essential but takes time: - development of shared vision + principles, - permanent water commission + interacting heads of state, • flexible transnational river basin agreement M.Falkenmark March 09

  25. KESEIMBANGAN

  26. 100% 60% 40% Sumberdaya Air Hijau – Air Biru Kenya India M.Falkenmark March 09

  27. RAIN GREEN BLUE More consumptive use upstream-> less blue water downstream ______________________________ Green water for Terrestrial Ecosystem services Blue water for Aquatic Ecosystem services Environmental Water Flows Coastal water M.Falkenmark March 09

  28. Perlindungan Ekosistem • WHY - fundamental roles in life support system • WHAT - specific landscape component - ecosystem functioning/ resilience ” • HOW - determinant identification - minimum requirement integrated catchment management offers a way / IWRM M.Falkenmark March 09

  29. DAS sebagai dasar pengaturan ILWRM untuk mengelola kompatibilitas land use – water use – ecosystem sustainability M.Falkenmark March 09

  30. Mengoptimalkan manfaat air hujan lokal • Sumberdaya = rainfall : Air Hijau: Produksi tanaman pertanian tadah hujan Air biru: Kebutuhan domestik, Industri, Irigasi -> make best use of local rain • Kesiapan untuk:Pertumbuhan penduduk Pembangunan ekonomi Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Peningkatan kebutuhan pangan = mengubah keseimbangan antar daerah

  31. Ketahanan Pangan = memerlukan banyak sekali air Memenuhi kekurangan air :- irrigation - limited potential - rainfed - plenty of greennet deficiency: 3260 km3/yr/ 7 bln- by import some 40 % - too poor to pay 60 % -> horisontal expansion - to where? not much grazing land unresolved 1270 km3/yr M.Falkenmark March 09

  32. Keseimbangan vs. Kelestarian Lingkungan Keseimbangan : - Hulu – Hilir - Air hijau – Air Biru - Manusia - Ekosistem ILWRM = alat bantu Kelestarian menjadi ”Kendala” yang menentukan determinan sumberdaya air

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