Pertemuan 26 Sistem Informasi Akuntansi

1. Pertemuan 26 Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Matakuliah : J0254/Akuntansi Dasar Tahun : 2005 Versi : 01/00

2. Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : • Memahami pengertian piutang • Memahami pengendalian atas piutang • Memahami manfaat pencadangan piutang tak tertagih

3. Outline Materi • Piutang • Pengendalian Piutang • Analisis Piutang Tak Tertagih • Pencatan Wesel Tagih

4. What Are the Three Basic Functions Performed by an AIS? • The efficient and effective processing of data about a company’s transactions: • Capture transaction data on source documents. • Record transaction data in journals, which present a chronological record of what occurred. • Post data from journals to ledgers, which sort data by account type.

5. What Are the Three Basic Functions Performed by an AIS? • To provide management with information useful for decision making: • In manual systems, this information is provided in the form of reports that fall into two main categories: • financial statements • managerial reports

6. What Are the Three Basic Functions Performed by an AIS? • To provide adequate internal controls: • Ensure that the information produced by the system is reliable. • Ensure that business activities are performed efficiently and in accordance with management’s objectives. • Safeguard organizational assets.

7. Learning Objective 2 Describe the documents and procedures used in an AIS to collect and process transaction data.

8. Capture Transaction Data on Source Documents • The firstbasic function of the AIS is the efficient and effective processing of data about a company’s transactions. • Source documents are special forms used to capture transaction data on source documents.

9. Capture Transaction Data on Source Documents • Control over data collection is improved by prenumbering each source document. • Accuracy and efficiency in recording transaction data can be further improved if source documents are properly designed.

10. Common Source Documentsand Functions Revenue Cycle Source Document Function Sales order Record customer order. Delivery ticket Record delivery to customer. Credit memo Support adjustments to customer accounts. Deposit slip Record amounts deposited.

11. Common Source Documentsand Functions Expenditure Cycle Source Document Function Purchase requisition Request that purchasing department order goods. Purchase order Request goods from vendors. Receiving report Record receipt of merchandise.

12. Common Source Documentsand Functions Human Resources Cycle Source Document Function Time cards Record time worked by employees. W4 forms Collect employee withholding data.

13. Common Source Documentsand Functions General Ledger & Reporting System Source Document Function Journal voucher Record entry posted to general ledger.

14. Record Transaction Datain Journals • After transaction data have been captured on source documents, the next step is to record the data in a journal. • A journal entry is made for each transaction showing the accounts and amounts to be debited and credited.

15. Record Transaction Datain Journals • The general journal records infrequent or nonroutine transactions. • Specialized journals simplify the process of recording large numbers of repetitive transactions. • What are the four most common types of transactions?

16. Record Transaction Datain Journals • Credit sales • Cash receipts • Purchases on account • Cash disbursements

17. Record Transaction Datain Journals Sales Journal Page 5 Invoice Account Account Post Date Number Debited Number Ref. Amount Dec. 1 201 Lee Co. 120-122 3 800.00 Dec. 1 202 May Co. 120-033 3 700.00 Dec. 1 203 DLK Co. 120-111 3 900.00 TOTAL 2,400.00 120/502

18. Post Transactions to Ledgers • Ledgers are used to summarize the financial status, including the current balance, of individual accounts. • The general ledger contains summary-level data for every asset, liability, equity, revenue, and expense account of an organization.

19. Post Transactions to Ledgers • A subsidiary ledger records all the detailed data for any general ledger account that has many individual subaccounts. • What are some commonly used subsidiary ledgers? • accounts receivable • inventory • accounts payable

20. Post Transactions to Ledgers • What is the general ledger account corresponding to a subsidiary ledger called? • control account • A control account contains the total amount for all individual accounts in the subsidiary ledger.

21. Post Transactions to Ledgers Sales Journal Page 5 Invoice Account Account Post Date Number Debited Number Ref. Amount Dec. 1 203 DLK Co. 120-111 3 900.00 TOTAL 2,400.00 120/502 General Ledger Account: Accounts Receivable Account Number: 120 Date Description Post Ref Debit Credit Balance Dec. 1 Sales SJ5 2,400 2,400

22. Post Transactions to Ledgers Sales Journal Page 5 Invoice Account Account Post Date Number Debited Number Ref. Amount Dec. 1 203 DLK Co. 120-111 3 900.00 TOTAL 2,400.00 120/502 General Ledger Account: Credit Sales Account Number: 502 Date Description Post Ref Debit Credit Balance Dec. 1 Sales SJ5 2,400 2,400

23. What Is an Audit Trail? • An audit trail provides a means to check the accuracy and validity of ledger postings. • Observe that the posting reference for $2,400 credit to the sales account in the general ledger, SJ5, refers back to page 5 of the sales journal.

24. What Is The Chart of Accounts? • The chart of accounts is a list of all general ledger accounts used by an organization. • It is important that the chart of accounts contains sufficient detail to meet the information needs of the organization.

25. Learning Objective 3 Discuss the types of information that can be provided by an AIS.

26. Financial Statements • The second function of the AIS is to provide management with information useful for decision making. • The preparation of financial statements consists of a sequence of activities. • What are these activities?

27. Financial Statements • Prepare a trial balance. • Make adjusting entries. • Prepare the adjusted trial balance. • Produce the income statement. • Make closing entries. • Produce the balance sheet. • Prepare the statement of cash flows.

28. Managerial Reports • The AIS must also be able to provide managers with detailed operational information about the organization’s performance. • What reports does management need? • inventory status • budgets • performance reports

29. Managerial Reports • What is a budget? • A budget is the formal expression of goals in financial terms. • What are some types of budgets? • cash • operating • capital

30. Managerial Reports • What is a performance report? • A performance report lists the budgeted and actual amounts of revenues and expenses and also shows the variances, or differences, between these two amounts.

31. Managerial Reports Magic Co. Monthly Performance Report BudgetActualVariance Sales $32,400 $31,500 ($900) Cost of Goods 12,000 14,000 (2,000) Gross Margin $20,400 $17,500 ($2,900) Other Expenses 9,000 7,000 2,000 Operating Income $11,400 $10,500 ($900)

32. Learning Objective 4 Describe the basic internal control objectives of an AIS and explain how they are accomplished.

33. Internal Control Considerations • The third function of an AIS is to provide adequate internal controls to accomplish three basic objectives: • Ensure that the information is reliable. • Ensure that business activities are performed efficiently. • Safeguard organizational assets.

34. Internal Control Considerations • What are two important methods for accomplishing these objectives? • Provide for adequate documentation of all business activities. • Design the AIS for effective segregation of duties.

35. Adequate Documentation • Documentation allows management to verify that assigned responsibilities were completed correctly. • What did Ashton encounter while working as an auditor that gave him a firsthand glimpse of the types of problems that can arise from inadequate documentation? • failure to bill for repair work

36. What Is Segregation of Duties? • Segregation of duties refers to dividing responsibility for different portions of a transaction among several people. • What functions should be performed by different people? • authorizing transactions • recording transactions • maintaining custody of assets