The effects that Macro Influences have on Incoming and Outgoing Tourism Demand

1. Group members: Jean-Pierre Nordmann Linda Harris Laura Moriarty Laura Rees Victoria Robinson Natasha Sharpe Sarah Wood The effects that Macro Influences have on Incoming and Outgoing Tourism Demand

2. Countries Studied Switzerland Developed Country Egypt Developing Country South Africa In between

3. Switzerland

4. Tourism Statistics and Facts • 15th Highest Tourism Earner • Arrivals increased by 11% • Tourism Expenditure decreased • 46% of arrivals from Europe

5. Incoming Tourism Swiss Banks associations with Nazis Market Economy based on free enterprise Committed to peace promotion Outgoing Tourism Swiss outgoing market will continue to grow Political/Legal

6. Incoming Tourism Highest costs in Europe Switzerland not a member of the EU Outgoing Tourism Higher GDP per capita than other big Western European economies IMF lowered economic development projections Economic

7. Environmental Incoming Tourism • Ban on heavy truck traffic • Skiing and Hiking damage the environment • Development of sustainable tourism

8. Incoming Tourism Lots of official languages Outgoing Tourism Aging Society Low unemployment rate 64% of population live in Urban areas Social

9. Incoming Tourism Fully integrated & competitive public transport system Swiss pass and STS Family Card Outgoing Tourism No departure tax High computer density Technological

10. Future and Recommendations • WTO’S Tourism 2020 vision-Europe experience decline in world arrivals • More long haul travel • Attract new generating countries • Attract different types of tourists

11. Egypt

12. Tourism Statistics and Facts • International Tourist Arrivals – 5.5million (2000) • Europe main supplier of tourists to Egypt • Tourism growth • Inbound tourism expenditure – US$ 4,345,000 • Outbound tourism expenditure – US$ 1,073,000 • Outbound tourism only 2.9million (2000)

13. Incoming Tourism Negative effects on tourism arrivals to Egypt post 9/11 Threat of war in Middle East Politically motivated terrorist attacks Minister for tourism launched international campaign Tony Blair’s Holiday Visa requirements Outgoing Tourism Threat of war in Middle East Visa requirements of other non-Arab countries Political/Legal

14. Incoming Tourism Luxor Massacre Investment in infrastructure facilities Plans to confront and manage negative effects on tourism in case of war Good forecasts for future Low spenders attracted to Egypt by low cost flights and accommodation Low exchange rate on Egyptian pound (L.E) Outgoing Tourism Low foreign exchange rates Government encouraging greater internal tourism Economic

15. Environmental Incoming Tourism • Pollution in Red Sea resorts • Egyptian Tourism Development Authority • Sustainable natural resources • Restriction on number of visitors to sensitive attractions • Pollution in Cairo and impacts in Giza • Egyptian Tourism Ministry takes active interest in eco-tourism

16. Incoming Tourism Social relations between other countries Articles in foreign travel magazines Hospitality of Egyptian nationals Similarities between Arab countries Outgoing Tourism Target by terrorists Low disposable income Social

17. Incoming Tourism Museums upgraded to Edutainment venues Release of 30million3m of water per day into Nile Outgoing Tourism Improvements in airport infrastructure Technological

18. Predicted growth: good Future terrorist attacks? Advertise as a multi-centred destination Reduce seasonality – become all year round holiday destination Continued investment – preserving ancient monuments Development with consideration to environment Continue strategic links with other countries Crisis management programme Plan to attract more conferences Incentives and facilities to aid convenient travel between Arab countries Future and Recommendations

19. South Africa The Rainbow Nation

20. Tourism Statistics • South Africa experiencing positive tourism growth • South Africa remains the most important destination within Africa • Africa (and essentially South Africa) forecasted higher growth rates than the world average • In 2001 tourist arrivals = 6,000 & departures = 5,466 • Most common reason for visiting South Africa in 2001 was for leisure, recreation and holiday purposes

21. Incoming Tourism Risk of global terrorist attacks & potential for repeat domestic terrorist attacks (Oct–Nov ‘02) Transhipment centre for illegal narcotics Flexible entry requirements – immigration issues Visa required after 3 months for international tourists Majority of overseas visitors arrive on scheduled air services – S.A Govt discourages charters Political Unrest in surrounding areas eg. Zimbabwe Outgoing Tourism Serious penalties for drug trafficking offences Constraints of tourism within legal framework of 1993 Tourism Act Political/Legal

22. Outgoing Tourism Low value currency making it difficult for South African’s to travel internationally Tourism generates significant levels of employment contributing to increased disposable income Economic • Incoming Tourism • Depreciation of the Rand has made South Africa a competitively price destination • Slowing international economy affects number of tourist arrivals. • Tourism significantly boosts economy

23. Environmental Incoming Tourism • Airport Restrictions – carrying capacity, expansion & emissions • Planning and development restrictions • Conservational areas – Safari/National Parks – IUCN • Prolonged droughts

24. Incoming Tourism Improvements in the national promotion/marketing effort Increased long-haul travel to more diverse destinations Cricket World Cup Outgoing Tourism High levels of unemployment – 37% 2002 est High mortality rate and low life expectancy due to AIDS crisis Malaria and periodic Cholera outbreaks Social

25. Incoming Tourism Modern and developed infrastructure Internet Outgoing Tourism All major International cities accessible Reduced border formalities encouraging travel between countries Technological

26. The ability to maintain political and economic stability within the country The extent of both social and economic opportunities for the entire ‘Rainbow Nation’ The ability to successfully manage the rapidly increasing crime rate Improve crime prevention and general security Domestic tourism levels must be sustained Improve international tourism through promotional activities, government support and controlled investment Continued investment required in AIDS awareness programmes Close monitoring and restrictions on levels of immigration Future and Recommendations

27. THE TOURIST AREA LIFE CYCLE Key: Switzerland South Africa Egypt

28. Egypt & South Africa are more comparable in terms of effects on tourism Outbound destinations Greater political instability in developing countries Varying growth potential for each country’s tourism industry Currently there are more tourism arrivals and departures in developed countries In the future developing countries are likely to experience an increase in tourism at the expense of developedcountries Comparing and Contrasting

29. Thank you Any Questions?