Health Issues

1. Health Issues

2. Lesson 1 Global patterns of health, morbidity& mortality • Learning Objectives • What is the geography of health is and why is it important? • What is meant by morbidity, mortality and other related terms? • How do patterns of mortalityvary globally?

3. Health Top Trumps! Use these Trumps Cards as an introduction to health issues around the world Instructions Deal all cards among players. Starting playerselects a category from their topmost card and reads out its value. Other players read the same category from their cards. The largest value wins the "trick", and the winner takes all the cards of the trick and places them at the bottom of their pile. That player chooses the category for the next round from their topmost card. If there’s a draw, the cards are placed in the centre and a new category is chosen from the next card by the same person as in the previous round. The winner of that round obtains all of the cards in the centre as well as the top card from each player. Players are eliminated when they lose their last card, and the winner is the player who obtains the whole pack.

4. Ageing national and global populations more at risk of disease Diseases can have important social, economic and environmental affects Physical and human factors can greatly influence health Why is the geography of health important? Correlation between income and welfare Health is an important factor in development Link between climate change and emergence of new infectious diseases Studying the geographical patterns and spread of diseases is important in controlling them.

5. Definition Dominoes! Match up the correct words and definitions to make a circle with your classmates Once you’ve completed the circle correctly write down the key words and definitions in your book

6. Global Patterns of Mortality In groups of 3 complete the worksheet about global patterns of mortality You have 30 minutes.

7. Pictionary Plenary Can you remember the key words we learnt today?

8. Lesson Plans Starter – go through aims, then top trumps – 20mins First main = what is the geog of health and why is it important? 10mins Second main = definitions circle – 10mins Third main = mapping global patterns – 40 mins Plenary = Pictionary on definitions – 10 mins Next lesson Starter = leading causes of mortality in ledcs and medcs – 10mins First main = round robin of p.277-279 txtbook35 mins – then add onto map from last lesson (this can be extension)? Do cholera for 3rd one. Second main = zimbabwe thing – world affairs Third main = ??? Plenary = PP Quiz (add a few more abtzimbabwe?) and set Hwk (PPQ?) = 15 mins

9. Health Illness and the reporting of disease. In the UK 2001 census respondents were asked how well they felt and whether they had a limiting long-term illness. Some diseases are so infectious that by law they must be reported e.g. plague and cholera. Morbidity The number of cases of a disease diagnosed in an area, divided by the total population, over the period of an epidemic. Attack Rate The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 year expressed per 1,000 live births per year. It is a useful barometer of social and environmental conditions and is sensitive to changes in either.

10. Infant mortality The number of deaths per 1,000 people in 1 year Crude Death Rate The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent in a certain geographic area or population group. Endemic The death of people. It is measured by a number of indices including death rate, infant mortality, case mortality and attack rate.

11. Mortality A worldwide epidemic: an epidemic occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting a very large number of people. Pandemic The number of people dying from a disease divided by the number of those diagnosed as having the disease. Case Mortality A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases and infirmity. (WHO, 1946)

12. Life Expectancy "The adult mortality rate [in Zambia] has increased in the last decade ... an adult has lost about 11 years of survival due to the AIDS problem ..." BuletiNsemukila, 2003 This map shows the total years of life expected to be lived by the current population, based on the life expectancy of children born in 2002. Life expectancy is calculated on the assumption that prevailing trends will continue. It is usually different for men and women. As you get older your whole life expectancy increases from that at your birth because you have survived so far. The longest life expectancy at birth is in Japan, at 81 years 6 months. The shortest life expectancy is in Zambia, at 32 years 8 months. The world average life expectancy is 67 years.

13. Infant Mortality "If we are the future and we’re dying, there is no future." Mary Phiri, 2001 Infant mortality is babies who die during the first year of their life. In 2002 there were 7.2 million infant deaths worldwide; 5.4% of all babies born died within their first year, including 2.3% in their first week. The territory with the most infant deaths was India, at 1.7 million, or 24% of the world total. In India, for every 100 babies born alive, almost 7 die in the following 12 months. In 22 territories the rate is over 1 infant death for every 10 live births. All of these 22 territories are in Africa. The highest infant mortality rate is in Sierra Leone where 16.5 babies die, of every 100 born alive.

14. Physicians Working "Hundreds of thousands of African doctors need to be trained ... Nobody worries about it. There’s a rich part of the world that only cares about oil, diamonds, minerals, forests, gas, cheap labour ..." Fidel Castro, 2001 A physician can also be called a medical doctor. Physicians may be general practitioners or may specialise. The Caribbean island of Cuba has the most physicians per person working there; the fewest physicians per person are in the Southeastern African territory of Malawi. In 2004 there were 7.7 million physicians working around the world. The largest number were in China, which is the largest territory on the map. If physicians were distributed according to population, there would be 124 physicians to every 100,000 people. The most concentrated 50% of physicians live in territories with less than a fifth of the world population. The worst off fifth are served by only 2% of the world’s physicians.

15. HIV/AIDS Deaths Deaths given this diagnosis are all due to HIV infection that has progressed to AIDS. In 2002 nearly 80% of the 2.6 million deaths from AIDS occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease, usually untreated, caused more than 6000 deaths every day and accounted for almost one in five of all deaths and half of the deaths of adults aged 15 to 59 years. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which slowly destroys the body's defences against diseases (the immune system). When this has happened you have AIDS and certain infections and certain cancers can easily develop and easily be fatal. AIDS is spread sexually, in semen and other genital secretions, and the person's blood is also infectious. People are infectious any time after the initial infection with HIV, long before AIDS occurs, which takes on average 10 years.In 2002 HIV/AIDS caused 4.0% of deaths in children under 15 years, 14.1% of deaths in adults aged 15 to 59 years and 9.6% of all deaths in very poor territories with low life expectancy.

16. Malaria Deaths “My wife died a few months ago. Very probably from malaria because she had a lot of fever and was also vomiting. But she never went to a health center. Because of the lack of money.” Révérien, 2004 In 2003, 92% of malaria cases and 94% of malarial deaths were recorded as being in African territories. The other 6% of deaths were mainly in Asia Pacific and Southern Asia. The total deaths recorded were 0.15% of the total cases. Whilst there were most malaria cases in Southeastern Africa, there were most deaths in Central Africa. Symptoms of malaria include fever and vomiting. Most deaths occur in cerebral malaria. The term ‘malaria’ comes from the medieval Italian ‘mala aria’ meaning ‘bad air’. The term was coined at a time before the mosquito had been identified as the carrier of the parasite.

17. Cancer Deaths Cancer is not one disease but a group of over 100 diseases that have in common the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells. The human body is made up of billions of cells of many types. In a particular cancer there will be a particular type of abnormal cell. Usually cancers start with a localized tumour or swelling consisting of abnormal cells, which increases in size and spreads. Further tumours can appear away from the original site; these are called metastases. Most untreated cancers cause death within months or a few years of diagnosis. Treatment is sometimes completely successful, sometimes prolongs life by a number of years, sometimes just eases particular symptoms (which may be its purpose), or sometimes turns out to be ineffective in a particular case. There is often a much better chance of successful treatment if treatment is started when a cancer is still small and before it has spread anywhere (no metastases). Malignant neoplasms (cancers) caused 12% of all deaths worldwide in 2002, an average of 1144 deaths per million people per year.

18. Diabetes Deaths Diabetes is the inability to control the amount of sugar in the blood such that the level can go too high (hyperglycaemia). This makes you pass more urine (with sugar in it), thirsty and drowsy. At very high levels of blood sugar you can become unconscious (coma). Diabetes occurs when the body cannot produce enough of a hormone (insulin), and also when the body has a reduced response to the insulin that is produced. If not enough insulin is being produced (Type I diabetes), without insulin you die within months.If there is a reduced response to insulin (Type II diabetes) you do not have to be treated with insulin injections; blood sugar levels can sometimes be controlled just by diet and sometimes with tablets as well as diet. A problem of treatment is that it can sometimes cause the blood sugar to go too low (hypoglycaemia) which can also cause coma. Apart from the day to day problems with the blood sugar level, people with both types of diabetes are prone to secondary problems, which can be very disabling. You can get chronic or recurring ulcers on the feet and sometimes part of a leg has to be amputated. Eye disease caused by diabetes commonly causes blindness, and an important part of treatment is trying to prevent this. Having diabetes commonly also causes kidney damage which can lead to kidney failure. In 2002 Diabetes caused 2.6% of deaths in people over 60 years old and 1.8% of all deaths in rich territories. Diabetes caused 1.7% of all deaths worldwide in 2002, an average of 158 deaths per million people per year.