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Geo-Mapping Environmental Hazards

Ohio Healthy Homes Network Spring Forum June 18, 2019 Ohio Department of Agriculture Johnnie (Chip) Allen, MPH. Geo-Mapping Environmental Hazards. Presentation Goals. Provide insight on how geospatial mapping can be used to create healthy environments and healthy homes.

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Geo-Mapping Environmental Hazards

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  1. Ohio Healthy Homes Network Spring Forum June 18, 2019 Ohio Department of Agriculture Johnnie (Chip) Allen, MPH Geo-Mapping Environmental Hazards

  2. Presentation Goals Provide insight on how geospatial mapping can be used to create healthy environments and healthy homes. Highlight the connection between health equity, environmental health and the importance of context. Enhance your self-efficacy to use available tools for geospatial mapping for better decision-making.

  3. Place Matters • It is necessary to understand where disparate health conditions occur simultaneously, especially at the highest (worst) levels. • We need a different way of thinking about how health disparities and health inequities are distributed by geography. • It is equally important to understand which social determinants correlate with the convergence of disparate health issues.

  4. What is GIS? A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. ​With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper insights into data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations—helping users make smarter decisions ESRI

  5. Using GIS Technology • GIS technology makes it possible to combine different data-sets together to devise better solutions to advance health equity. • Lastly, it is necessary to document, track and evaluate broad-based interventions to achieve health equity. This requires collaboration at an unprecedented level and the use of relational database technology.

  6. Columbus, Ohio. ODH 2017 Elevated Lead Levels in Children by Census Tract Columbus City Elevated Lead Elevated Lead

  7. The data you are about to see is publicly available online. In a matter of minutes, you could produce these same maps!

  8. Columbus, Ohio. Selected Health Outcomes by Census Tract for the Health Disparity Convergence Analysis. Data Sources: 2016 BRFSS 500 Cities Project ;2013-17 ODH Vital Statistics on Prematurity by Census Tract; and ODH 2017 Elevated Lead Levels in Children by Census Tract Diabetes Asthma High Blood Pressure Stroke Columbus City Coronary Heart Disease Preterm Birth Cancer Poor Mental Health Elevated Lead

  9. Cancer Asthma Reframing the Way We Think Columbus, Ohio. Selected Health Conditions/Outcomes by Census Tract at the Highest (Worst) Levels. High Blood Pressure Heart Disease Diabetes Preterm Birth Stroke Diabetes High BP Cancer Poor Mental Health Lead Asthma Stroke Elevated Lead Prematurity Heart Disease Poor Mental Health

  10. Reframing the Way We Think Convergence Analysis. Diabetes Cancer Stroke High BP Asthma Use relational database to perform the convergence analysis A query helps identify where at least four (4) health conditions simultaneously at their worst levels converge by census tract. Heart Disease Prematurity Mental Health Elevated Lead

  11. What do areas with disparate convergent health outcomes look like?

  12. Columbus, Ohio. Census Tracts with at least four (4) of the health conditions below, simultaneously at their highest (worst) levels. • Elevated Lead • Asthma • Coronary Heart Disease • Premature Birth • Stroke • Poor Mental Health • Diabetes • High Blood Pressure • Cancer

  13. Use Claritas Market Research Data to help respond to Census Tracts with More Than Four (4) Health Conditions Simultaneously at the Worst Levels in Columbus, Ohio. Convergence Areas in Columbus City Columbus City

  14. Columbus Ohio. Census Tracts with More Than Four (4) Health Conditions at the Worst Levels in the Proper Context. Claritas Demographic Analysis • 37 Census Tracts • 114,835 Population • 54% Black (29% in Columbus) • 36% White (60% in Columbus) • 2% Asian • 0.45% Native Amer/AN • 0.17 Native Hawaiian/PI • 3% Some Other Race • 5% Two or More Races Columbus City • 6% Hispanic/Latino • 0.02% Armed Forces • 48% Employed • 7.5% Unemployed (4.70 % in Columbus) • 44 % Not in Labor Force

  15. Columbus City Economic Analysis of Consumer Expenditures in Census Tracts with Disparate Convergent Outcomes Compared to the City of Columbus. Data Source: Claritas Consumer Buying Power. (Base for Columbus is Franklin County; Base for Convergent Areas is The City of Columbus). • 38% spent on housing • 7% spent on health care • <1% spent on tobacco. Convergence Areas • 39% spent on housing • 9% spent on health care • 1.25% spent on tobacco.

  16. Systemic Problem Columbus, Ohio, Cleveland, Ohio & Dayton, Ohio. Census Tracts with at least four (4) health conditions simultaneously at their highest (worst) levels. Dayton, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbus, Ohio • Elevated Lead • Asthma • Coronary Heart Disease • Premature Birth • Stroke • Poor Mental Health • Diabetes • High Blood Pressure • Cancer

  17. Turning Data into Information • It is not enough to know where different health outcomes occur at their worst levels. • We must detect which factors drive the disparities. The Health Opportunity Index makes this possible. • Geospatial mapping makes this possible!

  18. Health Opportunity Index (HOI) • A composite measure of various Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) Spatial Segregation Employment Healthcare Access Affordability • The HOI is developed using the statistical technique of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). • This techniqueanalyzes and simplifies data on SDOH into four into smaller categories(or Components). • Enables communities to come together and focus on solutions. • Identifies specific social determinants which influence health conditions. • For Ohio, these components include Environmental, Consumer, Mobility and Economic. Education Townsend Deprivation Index Walkability Population Density Population Churning Food Access Income Inequality Environmental Food Access Job Participation Principal Component Analysis

  19. What does health opportunity look like in Franklin County, based on the Health Opportunity Index?

  20. Understanding Factors Associated with Poor Health Outcomes by Census Tract. Ohio Health Opportunity Index Projected to Franklin County, Ohio Franklin Health Opportunity Index High Health Opportunity Map Ohio Health Opportunity Index Low Health Opportunity

  21. Mapping Health Opportunity in Ohio. Selected Counties High Health Opportunity Montgomery County Health Opportunity Index Franklin County Health Opportunity Index Cuyahoga County Health Opportunity Index Low Health Opportunity

  22. Identifying SDOH which Drive Health Outcomes Census Tract 39049000720 Ohio Health Opportunity Index

  23. Unleashing Your GIS Skills • You don’t have to be a GIS professional to make effective maps for decision making. • Rely on your own expertise and experience! • Use Available Tools to Make Your Case.

  24. Using Available Tools to Make Your Case

  25. Using Available Tools to Make Your Case

  26. Using Available Tools to Make Your Case • Six health outcomes/conditions Simultaneously at the worst levels: • Prematurity, High Blood Pressure, Cancer, Diabetes, Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke. • 92% African-American • 42% of homes built before 1939. • Only 17% built between 1970-79. • Segregation, Material Deprivation, Education driving poor health outcomes.

  27. How did things get so bad? To answer the question, we must go back into history.

  28. Redlining: 1930’s to 1970 The FHA explicitly practiced a policy of “redlining” when determining which neighborhoods to approve mortgages in. Redlining is the practice of denying or limiting financial services to certain neighborhoods based on racial or ethnic composition without regard to the residents’ qualifications or creditworthiness. The term “redlining” refers to the practice of using a red line on a map to delineate the area where financial institutions would not invest. - The Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston This American Life, Nov 22, 2013 - “House Rules” (listen to 20:17-25:00)

  29. Mapping Inequality Understanding How Things Got So Bad

  30. The Roots of Structural Racialization Understanding How Things Got So Bad Toxic Release Inventory System Sites Cuyahoga County Health Opportunity Map Moderate High Poor

  31. Federally Designated Opportunity Zones Federal resources to address social determinants of health. Columbus, Ohio Opportunity Zones

  32. What is your level of readiness to do the following? • Combine your own expertise with GIS technology to advocate for healthier homes and communities. • Avoid the mistake of focusing on one issue at a time. (The real world is much more complicated). • Incorporate social determinants of health into all of your advocacy efforts. • Overcome fears of new technologies.

  33. . Environmental Justice Healthy Homes Infant Mortality Homicide Stroke Chronic Stress HIV/AIDS Substance Use Heart Disease Cancer Unintentional Injury

  34. Special thanks to : Patricia Barnes Yvonka Hall, MPA Rexford Anson-Dwamena, MPH Dr. Adrienne McFadden-Taylor, MD, JD ODH Bureau of Informatics Chinonso Ogojiaku, MPH Candidate

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