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Fruits

Fruits. Matured and ripened ovaries. Holds and protects the seeds until they mature. Helps in the dissemination or dispersal of the seeds. Does not only apply to those that have edible portions, but also to those which are commonly referred to as vegetable. Part of a Fruit. Exocarp

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Fruits

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  1. Fruits

  2. Matured and ripened ovaries. • Holds and protects the seeds until they mature. • Helps in the dissemination or dispersal of the seeds. • Does not only apply to those that have edible portions, but also to those which are commonly referred to as vegetable.

  3. Part of a Fruit Exocarp Outermost layer of the fruit wall Endocarp Innermost layer Mesocarp Middle layer

  4. Classification of Fruits

  5. As to the composition or number of flowers involved in their formation • Simple Fruits • develops from one ovary • Aggregate Fruit • develops from several ovaries of a single flower • Collective or Multiple Fruit • derived from several ovaries of several flowers or from the ovaries of a compact inflorescence.

  6. As to structure, consistency & dehiscence (includes the state of the pericarp in the ripened fruit) • Fleshy • when the pericarp is soft, juicy (or pulpy) or succulent • Dry • when the pericarp is dry or papery upon maturity

  7. Dichotomous Key • 1 Simple Fruits • 2 Fleshy Fruits • 3 Fleshy part derived from the ovary • 4 Entire ovary fleshy, enclosing several seeds .….. berry • 5 Leathery rind …………………………………… hespiridium • Hard rind ……………………………………….. pepo • Outer part of ovary fleshy, inner part stony • usually enclosing one seed ………………………. drupe • Mesocarp fleshy ………………………………. fleshy drupe • 6 Mesocarp fibrous ……………………………… fibrous drupe • 3 Fleshy part derived mainly from the torus ………….. pome

  8. Simple-Fleshy-Berry-Hespiridium Derived from a fleshy ovary enclosing several seeds. Has thick leathery skin containing oil. Kalamansi (Citrus microcarpa) Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata)

  9. peel/exocarp flavedo/epicarp albedo/mesocarp endocarp seed carpels sections with fluid-filled sacs called vesicles septum Hespiridium Anatomy

  10. Simple-Fleshy-Berry-Pepo Derived from a fleshy ovary enclosing many seeds. Pepo has hard, thick rind. Cucumber (Cucumissativus) Water melon (Citrulluslanatus)

  11. PepoAnatomy

  12. Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fleshy Fleshy mesocarp and ovary. Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit). Peach (Prunuspersica) Mango (MangiferaIndica)

  13. Fleshy Drupe Anatomy

  14. endocarp endocarp seed seed

  15. Simple-Fleshy-Drupe-Fibrous Fibrous mesocarp and fleshy ovary. Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit) Coconut (Cocosnucifera)

  16. Fibrous Drupe Anatomy

  17. Simple-Fleshy-Pome Fleshy part derived mainly from torus. Ovary surrounded by fleshy hypanthium. Apple (Malusdomestica) Pears (Pyrus sp.)

  18. Pome Anatomy

  19. Dry Fruits • 7 Dehiscent • Fruit derived from one carpel • Splitting along 1 seam (1 suture) .……..……… follicle • 9 Splitting along 2 seams (2 sutures) ...…..…….. legume/pod • Fruit derived from 2 or more carpel • 10 Carpels 2, persistent partition wall • after splitting …..………………………………… silique • Carpels 2 or more, splitting in one • of four different ways …………………………… capsule • Splitting along the locule ……….………….. loculicidal • 11 Splitting along the septa …………………… septicidal • Splitting along the terminal pore ………….. poricidal • 11 Splitting along a circular horizontal line ….. circumscissile

  20. Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Follicle Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting along one seam Star anise (Illiciumverum) Kalachuchi (Plumeriarubra)

  21. Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Legume/Pod Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting along two seam Chicharo (Pisumsativum) Peanuts (Arachishypogaea)

  22. Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Silique Dry fruit derived from two or more carpel with persistent partition wall after splitting BluepodRockcress (Boecheraglaucovalvula) Narrowleafbittercress (Cardamine impatiens)

  23. Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Capsule Derived from two or more carpel splitting in one or four ways Septicidal (Splitting along the septum) Loculicidal (Splitting along the locule) Jimson weed (Daturastramonium) Calico Flower (Aristolochialittoralis)

  24. Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Capsule Poricidal (Splitting along the terminal pore) Circumscissile (Splitting along a circular horizontal line) Opium (Papaversomniferum) Twinberry (Menodorascabra)

  25. Indehiscent Fruits • Seed inseparable from the fruit wall …………………… grain/caryopsis • 12 Seed separable from the fruit wall • 13 Fruit with wings ……………………………………….. samara/key • 13 Fruit without wings • 14 Fruit wall very hard, one seeded ….……………. nut • Fruit wall thin, one seed attached • to ovary wall at one point ………………………… achene • Seeds not coming out of fruit although united • carpels split apart at maturity .…………………………… schizocarp

  26. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Grain/Caryopsis Seed inseparable from the fruit wall. Rice (Oriza sativa) Corn (Zeamays)

  27. Rice Grain Anatomy

  28. Corn Kernel Anatomy

  29. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Samara/Key Seed separable from the fruit wall. Fruit with wings Narra (Pterocarpusindicus) Mahogany (Shoreanegrosensis)

  30. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Nut Fruit without wings and with very hard fruit wall. Has only one seed. Pili nut (Canariumovatum) Cashew nut (Anacardiumoccidentale)

  31. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Achene Seed without wings and with thin fruit wall. One seed attached to ovary wall at one point. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

  32. Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Schizocarp Seed not coming out of fruit although united carpels split apart at maturity Little mallow (Malvaparviflora) Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucuscarota)

  33. 1 Compound Fruits • 15 Fruits from several ovaries of one flower massed • on a common receptacle .……………………………….... aggregate • Fruit from several ovaries of several flowers • of compact inflorescence …………………………………. collective/multiple

  34. Compound-Aggregate Many ovaries derived from a single flower Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

  35. Compound-Multiple/Collective From several ovaries of several flowers of a compact inflorescence Pineapple (Ananas comosus)

  36. Seed Dispersal

  37. Plants often solicit the aid of animals, as well as abiotic forces such as wind, to accomplish both of these. • insects — insects much less important for dispersal than pollination, but ants often involved in dispersal • birds, mammals, reptiles, and even fish — much more important for dispersal than pollination • wind — important in both pollination and dispersal • water — minor importance in pollination, somewhat greater in dispersal • self dispersal — just like some plants carry out self pollination, some plants have mechanisms for self dispersal.

  38. Why is dispersal important? • Avoid competition with parent and siblings • Colonize new habitats • Avoid pathogens and predators • Minimize inbreeding

  39. Methods of dispersal are often tied to certain habitats • Wind — prairie/grasslands, mountains, forest trees, weedy areas • External attachment to animals — forest plants relatively low to ground • Ingestion by animals — forest plants • Water — plants that grow in wetlands and along streams • Ballistic — various; some parasitic plants, some forest plants, some weedy plants

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