Ian J. Potter Ph.D Director, Sustainable Energy Futures

1. Overview of Greenhouse Gas Opportunities Ian J. Potter Ph.D Director, Sustainable Energy Futures MAKING THE CIRCLE STRONGERAPEGGA ANNUAL CONFERENCEAPRIL 22 - 24, 2004EDMONTON, ALBERTA

2. Situational Analysis Most of the demand will be met by oil, natural gas and coal Ref: IEA, World Energy Outlook:2002

3. GHG Management(after Kaya 1989) Atmosphere GHG = POP - GHG GDP POP BTU GDP GHG BTU x x x Population Standard of Living Energy Intensity GHG Intensity GHG Sequestered

4. Mitigation Responses • Improve energy efficiency • Fuel switching • Decarbonization of fossil fuels • Removal, recovery and disposal of CO2 • Utilization of CO2 • Use of non-fossil energy sources • Reforestation • Utilization of biomass energy • Geoengineering

5. Improve Energy Efficiency Losses Losses Final Useful Energy Transformation Transportation Distribution Secondary Energy Utilization Device or System Primary Energy Coal Crude Oil Natural Gas Nuclear Hydro Biomass Etc. Power Station Refinery Coke Oven Coal Gasification Coal Liquefaction Electricity Oil Products Natural Gas Coke Etc. Burner Electrical Motor Automobile Etc. Space Heat Process Heat Mech. Energy Etc.

6. Improve Energy Efficiency Technology Improvement Operation and control Materials Economics Government Policy Application flexibility R&D Investment Market Pull

7. Improve Energy Efficiency • Residential and Commercial Sector • Space Heating – building design • Water heating – heat pump, efficient burners • Industry Sector • Waste heat recuperation • Process flow optimization • Transportation • District transport • Advanced conversion systems – hybrid engines • Electricity Generation from Fossil Fuel • Fuel cells • Cogeneration

8. Conventional vs Cogeneration Input Energy = 105.3 Units Thermal Efficiency = 40% Power Station Electrical Power 40 Units Input Energy = 100 Units Thermal Efficiency = 38% Cogen (Diesel) Input Energy = 49 Units Heat 40.2 Units Boiler Efficiency of Waste Heat Recovery = 67% Boiler Efficiency = 82% Conventional System Total Energy Input = 154.3 Units Cogeneration System Total Energy Input = 100 Units

9. Fuel Switching • Substitution of a lower carbon fuel • Natural gas for coal • Availability of energy resources • Energy costs • Technology receptors • Resource Industry impact by switching

10. What Might Reshape Our Energy Future? • A sustainable energy system based on • Hydrogen that is affordable, domestically produced from diverse sources, and safely stored, dispensed and used

11. Fuel Cells Are Like Batteries That You Supply Fuel To As Needed Hydrogen A fuel cell converts the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity and water Pure Water Electricity Oxygen from air

12. Potential for Hydrogen? Potential for Hydrogen? Courtesy Eddy Isaacs

13. Coal Fired Power

14. Decarbonization of Fossil Fuels • In strictest sense: • The removal of carbon from fossil fuels prior to combustion • But really, the use of fossil fuels with the avoidance of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere: • Process the fossil fuel prior to combustion, removing carbon, leave hydrogen • Convert the fossil fuel to a hydrogen rich fuel while producing, recovering and sequestering CO2 prior to combustion. • Also, the capture, recovery and sequestering of CO2 after combustion.

15. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Generation Oxygen Coal Slurry Sulphur CO2 Combined Cycle Plant Gasifier Electricity Steam H2 Acid Gas Removal Sour Shift Gas Steam Turbine Turbine Electricity Heat Fuel Cells Slag Best potential for commercial production of clean power With near zero emissions within the next 5 to 10 years

16. Methanol Plant Hydrogen Plant Methane Plant Ammonia Plant CO2 for EOR, CBM Clean Power Fuel Cells Alberta Energy Research Institute (AERI)Vision: Add Value to Alberta’s Hydrocarbon Resources FT Synthesis Liquid Fuels clean gas Olefins Petrochemicals Clean Gasoline Low cost feedstocks Coal Heavy Coke Resid Biomass Combustion/ Gasification Separation/ Conversion Hydrogen Synthetic Natural Gas Fertilizers Electricity

17. Removal, Recovery, Disposal of CO2 • Carbon dioxide control points: • The atmosphere • The surface waters of the oceans • Stacks of fossil fuel conversion plants • Source of relatively high CO2

18. Removal of CO2

19. Removal of CO2 • Other factors: • Cost • Equipment size • Integration • Environment • Separation of CO2 is still the largest technology and economic hurdle in utilizing clean energy from fossil fuels

20. Disposal of CO2 • No indirect benefit: • Ocean disposal • Depleted gas wells • Salt domes • Aquifers • Natural materials • Indirect benefit: • Enhanced Coalbed Methane • CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery • Natural materials Courtesy: Stefan Bachu, AGS

21. Enhanced Coalbed Methane CO2 CH4 CO2

22. Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources • Nuclear • Solar ?

23. Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources • Wave Power

24. Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources • Offshore Wave Energy • Hose Pump • Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS)

25. Use of Non-Fossil Energy Sources • Tidal Energy Installation europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/tidal.html

26. Utilization of Biomass Energy • Wood and Wood Wastes • Municipal solid waste: • Combustion • Landfill gas • Herbaceous biomass and agricultural residues • Aquatic biomass • Industrial solid wastes • Sewage methane • Manure methane

27. Integrated Manure Utilization System Biogas utilization Energy Manure Biogas Aerobic digester/ nutrient enrichment Organic fertilizer Anaerobic Digester Solids Solid/liquid Separation Nutrient recovery/ treatment Reusable water Liquids Growing Power

28. Can we break the link? • Recent activity focused on incremental technology development to improve energy production methods and systems Present: Energy Use Environmental Impacts Future: Innovation + Investment = Energy + Technology Sustainability

29. Sustainable Development • 1987- World Commission on Environment and Development, the Brundtland Commission • “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

30. Sustainable Philosophy Air Pollution Solid Waste Management Effluent/ Water Management Energy Management Economic and Social Greenhouse Gases

31. Emissions Philosophy • It’s not just climate change!! • Air Emissions • NOx, SOx, Particulate Matter, Ozone, Mercury, Unburnt hydrocarbons, greenhouse gases • Water Emissions • Quality and Quantity Assurance • Solid Waste Management • MSW, Ash, Slag, Tailings • Thermal Management • maximizing energy utilization • Noise Management

32. The Core Challenge Research turns money into knowledge $ $ Research Innovation Knowledge • It takes innovation to turn knowledge into money

33. Summary • Concern over possible global warming & climate change • Stimulated research - Action is taking place • Sustainability not just climate change • Innovation and investment are critical • Technology provides the solutions, but rarely in the short term • Partnerships are essential • Governments, Industry and Public open discussion

34. Take home message Solutions to reduce greenhouse and other emissions will come through technology, and require a fundamental shift in how we live, work and do business