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IRPA13 Refresher Course (RC13) Safety and security in the transport of radioactive materials

IRPA13 Refresher Course (RC13) Safety and security in the transport of radioactive materials. 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress Glasgow, 16 May 2012. Stephen Whittingham Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR).

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IRPA13 Refresher Course (RC13) Safety and security in the transport of radioactive materials

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  1. IRPA13 Refresher Course (RC13)Safety and security in the transport of radioactive materials 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress Glasgow, 16 May 2012 Stephen Whittingham Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR)

  2. The following slides are intended to illustrate some of the main regulatory requirements for the various package types and material classifications cited in the transport regulations. Some regulatory aspects have not been covered to meet the time limitation allocated for the presentation. 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  3. Transport model to deliver societal needs of RAM Delivery of societal benefits (B) Transport of radioactive material Societal needs (A) 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  4. Overview Introduction What, how much, who and societal needs The international regulatory framework Overview of regulatory framework SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes Transport of radioactive material Material and package types Denial of shipments Future trends and challenges 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  5. What is radioactive material used for In health care - diagnosis and treatment of cancer, heart disease and organ failure. Eighty percent of surgical gloves and nearly 50% of disposable medical devices are sterilized using radioactive materials. In industry - non-destructive testing and measurement in the mechanical and civil engineering sectors, production of plastics, detergents and semiconductors In our homes and work places, smoke detectors and energy saving lights often contain small quantities of radioactive material. Some foods, packagings and the sterilisation of the natural ingredients in cosmetics and medicines In the environment - control of disease carrying insects. The removal of pests in food and other goods, thus reducing the use of fumigation that is both toxic and harmful to the ozone layer Civil nuclear power generation programmes Introduction 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  6. What is radioactive material used for Mobile phones – computers and mobile phones contain electronic components made of tantalum metal. Tantalum is not radioactive, but most of the minerals from which it is extracted are. These minerals have to be transported to processing facilities and in most cases have to be declared as radioactive materials. Besides electronics, tantalum is used to create advanced materials for aircraft engines and medical implants. Cobalt-60 is used for treating cancer and is involved in some 45,000 treatments/day in more than 50 countries around the world Nearly 50% of all single-use medical disposable products including gloves, sutures, needles and dressings are sterilized using Co60 Introduction 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  7. How much radioactive material is transported Several millions of shipments of radioactive material occur each year, much less than 5% by the nuclear industry Commercial shipping (eg larger sources, bulk material Uranium ores, etc) Transport by air (short half-life material – Radiopharmaceuticals) Almost, if not all, by road Small percentage by rail Introduction 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  8. Who is involved Everyone has a contribution to make to support the safe, secure, efficient, effective and reliable transport of radioactive material Previous work for the IAEA identified 44 stakeholder groups for the transport of radioactive material Each can have an adverse effect upon delivery, All have the capability to stop transport Negative perceptions need to be addressed to provide the necessary reliable transport capabilities Introduction 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  9. Who is involved Introduction 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  10. The importance of information to change perceptions People need to be informed in an attempt to improve perceptions of risk and allay fears There is a comprehensive international and national regulatory requirements and safety and security regulator infrastructures to oversee compliance, technically assess package designs and transport operations and issue authorisations relating to the the design, manufacture, use, maintenance and repair of transport packages It is also important to provide information concerning the scope of applications for radioactive material and its vital use in medical healthcare programmes now and in the future Introduction 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  11. Cancer statistics of developing countries Societal needs – an example • 4 million of the 6 million deaths due to cancer in the year 2000 occurred in developing countries lacking radiotherapy machines, in fact some parts of Africa and Asia do not carry out any diagnosis • 80% of cervical cancers occur in Africa, Asia and South America with some 225,000 deaths recorded each year according to 2003 reports • 1 million new cancers are diagnosed each year in India • ~15 African nations and several countries do not have one radiotherapy machine • 50 – 60 % of cancer victims would benefit from radiotherapy • Globally, deaths from cancer is expected to rise from 6 million in 2000, to 9 million in 2015, to 12 million in 2030 The number of shipments will need to increase to meet the demands of health programmes involving many more Member States – we will need to deliver the material and remove it at the end of its operational life 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  12. Overview Introduction What, how much, who and societal needs The international regulatory framework Overview of regulatory framework SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes Transport of radioactive material Material and package types Denial of shipments Future trends and challenges 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  13. The international regulatory framework Definition of ‘transport’ (SSR6 para 106) Transport comprises all operations and conditions associated with, and involved in, the movement of radioactive material; these include the design, manufacture, maintenance and repair of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage including in-transit storage, unloading and receipt at the final destination of loads of radioactive material and packages. Regulatory approach (SSR6 para 106) A graded approach is applied in specifying the performance standards which are characterized in terms of three general severity levels: • (a) Routine conditions of transport (incident free); • (b) Normal conditions of transport (minor mishaps); • (c) Accident conditions of transport. 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  14. Overview of regulatory framework In 1961 the IAEA created its first set of Transport Regulations for radioactive material (RAM) The 2012 edition, SSR6, will signify 50 years of the IAEA successfully managing their continued development We should recognise the importance of the IAEA approach to manage its work - it has created a robust transport safety and security culture in many governments, institutions and industries throughout the world SSR6, in its current form TS-R-1, forms the basis of transport regulations for RAM in all IAEA Member States (through the UN Model Regulations) Some Member States adopt TS-R-1 directly This will continue with SSR6 (2012) The international regulatory framework 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  15. The international regulatory framework - safety IAEA TS-G-1.1 Advisory Material Emergency response IAEA TS-G-1.2 Radiation protection programmes IAEA TS-G-1.3 IAEA GSR Part 3 Management System IAEA TS-G-1.4 Compliance assurance IAEA TS-G-1.5 Radiation protection and the safety of radiation sources Schedules IAEA TS-G-1.6 SSR 6 (2012) 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  16. Overview of regulatory framework – (TS-R-1) SSR6 Prescriptive requirements - revised on biennial basis Supported by Advisory Material – aids consistent interpretation Global, multi-modal but not mandatory All 137 IAEA member countries can participate Transposed into UN Model Regulations Text does not look like UN or modal texts No guidance for UN or modal provisions, so legal texts need to address everything Modes take Class 7 provisions from UN, not from SSR6 Few UN national delegations include Class 7 experts The international regulatory framework - safety 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  17. Overview of regulatory framework – UN Model Regulations UNITED NATIONS SUB-COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON THE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS A body established by ECOSOC (UN Economic and Social Council) in 1957 The international regulatory framework - safety 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  18. Overview of regulatory framework – UN Model Regulations Was originally the UN Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Now a sub-committee of UN Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals Originally consisted of ‘experts’ drawn from countries with demonstrable expertise and interest in the transport of dangerous goods The international regulatory framework 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  19. Overview of regulatory framework – UN Model Regulations Draws up non-mandatory ‘Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods’ for all modes of transport throughout the world Written in the form of ‘Model Regulations’ for international and national legislation Known as the ‘Orange Book’ The international regulatory framework 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  20. Overview of regulatory framework – UN Model Regulations Makes decisions by simple majority voting - not by consensus Currently 27 voting countries, increasing geographical representation but European dominated Non-voting countries and inter-governmental organisations can attend as ‘observers’ International trade associations in UN consultative status may also attend Currently working on the 18th. revised edition taking effect from 1 January 2013 Works on 2 year revision cycle Meets in Palais des Nations in Geneva each June and December Ad hoc Working Groups meet (inter-session) if required The international regulatory framework 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  21. The international regulatory framework - safety IAEA TS-G-1.1 Advisory Material IAEA GSR Part 3 Emergency response IAEA TS-G-1.2 Radiation protection programmes IAEA TS-G-1.3 Radiation protection and the safety of radiation sources Management System IAEA TS-G-1.4 SSR 6 (2012) Compliance assurance IAEA TS-G-1.5 Schedules IAEA TS-G-1.6 UN Recommendations on the Carriage of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  22. The international regulatory framework - safety All 9 Dangerous Goods Classes - All modes Class 7 - All modes Road, Rail and Inland Waterway Air Sea 20th April 2012 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  23. The international regulatory framework - safety National regulations Modal Regulations UN Model Regulations IAEA SSR6 (2012) State variations 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  24. The international regulatory framework - security IAEA Recommendations on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities INFCIRC/225/Rev.5 IAEA Nuclear Security Series #13 IAEA Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material INFCIRC/274/Rev.1 IAEA Code of Conduct for the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources IAEA Security in the Transport of Radioactive Material IAEA Nuclear Security Series # 9 IAEA Guidance and Considerations for the Implementation of INFCIRC/225/Rev.4 IAEA TECDOC-967 (Rev.1) IAEA Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  25. Overview Introduction What, how much, who and societal needs The international regulatory framework Overview of regulatory framework SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes Transport of radioactive material Material and package types Future trends and challenges 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  26. The paragraphs and tables throughout the document have been renumbered to reflect the changes made SSR6 - Definitions New paragraph 107 (d) - Radioactive material in or on a person who is to be transported for medical treatment because the person has been subject to accidental or deliberate intake of radioactive material or to contamination; Definition of ‘Design’ (paragraph 220) extended to include …fissile material excepted under paragraph 417 (f) … Definition of ‘Exclusive use’ (paragraph 221) extended to include …and shipment … SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  27. SSR6 - Definitions Definition of ‘Fissile nuclides and fissile material ‘ (paragraph 222); exclusions from definition of fissile material extended from existing (a) and (b) to include (c) Material with fissile nuclides less than a total of 0.25g; (d) Any combination of (a), (b) and/or (c). These exclusions are only valid if there is no other material with fissile nuclides in the package or in the consignment if shipped unpackaged. Definition of ‘Freight container’ (paragraph 223) extended to include …of a permanent character and accordingly strong enough to be suitable for repeated use; specially SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  28. SSR6- Definitions Definition of ‘Management system’ (paragraph 228) added - Management system shall mean a set of interrelated or interacting elements (system) for establishing policies and objectives and enabling the objectives to be achieved in an efficient and effective manner. SSR6- Duties of manufacturer and consignor The requirements of paragraph 306 placed on a manufacturer, consignor or user have been replaced by (a) To provide facilities for inspection during manufacture and use; (b) To demonstrate compliance with these Regulations to the competent authority. SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  29. SSR6 – non-compliance; radiation level or contamination In the event of non-compliance with any regulatory limit applicable to radiation level or contamination (paragraph 309(a)), those to be notified have been extended to – The consignor, carrier and any organization involved during transport, who may be affected as appropriate UN Numbers Table 1 extended to include - UN3xxx RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL, EXCEPTED PACKAGE - URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE, less than 0.1 kg per package, non-fissile or fissile-excepted SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  30. SSR6 – Basic radionuclide values Basic radionuclide values not listed in Table 2 (paragraph 403) – has been rewrittento reference the BSS principles for activity concentrations for exempt material and activity limits for exempt consignments [IAEA Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: International Basic Safety Standards GSR Part 3] Use of the GSR Part 3 principles will require multilateral approval SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  31. SSR6 - Fissile material exceptions Fissile material and packages containing fissile material exceptions (paragraph 417) has been rewritten: existing sub-paragraph (c) and (d) now(a) and (b) (c) Uranium with a maximum uranium enrichment of 5% by mass uranium-235 provided: There is no more than 3.5 g of uranium-235 per package.; The total plutonium and uranium-233 content does not exceed 1% of the mass of uranium-235 per package; Transport of the package is subject to the consignment limit provided in paragraph 570(c).[+ (c) U Hex samples] SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  32. SSR6 - Fissile material exceptions (d) Fissile nuclides with a total mass not greater than 2.0 g per package provided the package is transported subject to the consignment limit provided in of paragraph 570(d); (e) Fissile nuclides with a total mass not greater than 45 g either packaged or unpackaged subject to limits provided in paragraph 570(e); [+ (c) U Hex samples] (f) A fissile material that meets the requirements of paragraphs 570(b), 606 and 802.[CA approved fissile exceptions] Table 4 (Consignment mass limits for exceptions from requirements for packages containing fissile material) has been deleted SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  33. SSR6 - Fissile material exceptions Fissile material exceptions (paragraph 570) added: Fissile material meeting one of the provisions (a)-(f) of para. 417 shall meet the following requirements: Only one of the provisions (a)-(f) of para. 417 is allowed per consignment. Only one approved fissile material (para 417(f)) in packages is allowed per consignment unless multiple materials are authorized in the certificate ofapproval. Fissile material in packages (para 417 (c)) shall be transported in a consignment with no more than 45 g of fissile nuclides. Fissile material in packages (para 417(d)) shall be transported in a consignment with no more than 15 g of fissile nuclides. Unpackaged or packaged fissile material (para. 417(e)) shall be transported under exclusive use on a conveyance with no more than 45 g of fissile nuclides. SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  34. SSR6 – Fissile material exceptions Requirements for material excepted from fissile classification (paragraph 606) added A fissile material excepted from classification as FISSILE under para. 417(f) shall be subcritical without the need for accumulation control under the following conditions: (a) The conditions of paragraph 673(a) (b) The conditions consistent with the assessment provisions stated in paragraphs 684(b) and 685(b) for packages; (c) The cconditions specified in para. 683(a), if transported by air. Guidance document will be issued in the next 12 months SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  35. SSR6 – Radiation shielding of a package under routine conditions (paragraph 617) added A package shall be so designed that it provides sufficient shielding to ensure that, under routine conditions of transport and with the maximum radioactive contents that the package is designed to contain, the radiation level at any point on the external surface of the package would not exceed 5 μSv/h on the external surface of an excepted package 2 mSv/h (not under exclusive use, limit for transport by air) 10 mSv/h at surface of package or overpack (under exclusive use) with 2 mSv/h at any of the outer surfaces of the vehicle, and 0.1 mSv/h at any point 2m from the vertical planes represented by the outer lateral surfaces of the vehicle SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  36. SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes SSR6 – General Package Designs (paragraph 674) added Packages NOT surviving normal condition tests (NCT) CSI = 50 x 5 x Fissile Mass ÷ Appropriate U value from Table 13 or 280g Pu Maximum CSI = 10 Packages surviving NCT & 30cm minimum dimension CSI = 50 x 2 x Fissile Mass ÷ Appropriate U value from Table 13 or 280g Pu Maximum CSI = 10 Packages surviving NCT but not 30cm minimum dimension CSI = 50 x 2 x Fissile Mass ÷ U(100%) value from Table 13 or 280g Pu Maximum 15g per package Packages can be transported as any other fissile package (not fissile exception) – CSI label and fissile UN number label but CA approval not required

  37. SSR6 - Marking Paragraph 423(b)(iii) added – ‘ Other instruments or articles too small to bear the marking “RADIOACTIVE” do not require markings, provided that they are transported in a package that bears the marking “RADIOACTIVE” on its internal surface in such a manner that a warning of the presence of radioactive material is visible on opening the package.’ Marking (paragraph 531) extended to include overpacks – Each overpack shall be legibly and durably marked on the outside of the overpack with an identification of either the consignor or consignee, or both unless these markings of all the packages within the overpack are clearly visible. SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  38. SSR6 – Requirements for first and subsequent shipments of packages Requirements before first shipment (paragraph 501) now requires confirmation that - ‘… it has been manufactured in conformity with the design specifications to ensure compliance with the relevant provisions of these Regulations and any applicable certificate of approval.’ New requirement before each shipment (paragraph 502) Before each shipment of any package, it shall be ensured that the package contains neither: (a) Radionuclides different from those specified for the package design; nor (b) Contents in a form, or physical or chemical state different from those specified for the package design. SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  39. SSR6 - Documentation Particulars of consignment (paragraph 546 (d)) added – (d) The subsidiary hazard class or division number(s) corresponding to the subsidiary risk label(s) required to be applied, when assigned, shall be entered following the primary hazard class or division and shall be enclosed in parenthesis. Retention of transport documents (paragraph 555) added – The consignor shall retain a copy of each of the transport documents … for a minimum period of three months. When the documents are kept electronically the consignor shall be able to reproduce them in a printed form. SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  40. SSR6 - Documentation Availability and retention of transport documents by carriers (paragraphs 584 - 588) added – A carrier shall not accept a consignment for transport unless: - A copy of the transport document and other documents or information as required … are provided, either paper or electronic form - The information applicable to the consignment shall accompany the consignment to final destination, …. This information shall be given to the consignee when the consignment is delivered. - When the information applicable to the consignment is given to the carrier in electronic form, the information shall be available to the carrier at all times during transport to final destination. The information shall be able to be produced without delay as a paper document. SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  41. SSR6 - Documentation Availability and retention of transport documents by carriers (paragraphs 584 - 588) added - A carrier shall retain a copy of the transport document and additional information for a minimum period of 3 months - When the documents are kept electronically or in a computer system, the carrier shall be capable of reproducing them in a printed form. SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  42. SSR6 – Fissile material Paragraph 501(d) reworded - each packaging intended to contain fissile material, it shall be ensured that the effectiveness of the criticality safety features is within the limits applicable to or specified for the design,’ Requirements relating to transport and storage in transit of fissile material extended (paragraph 570) to include - Fissile material meeting one of the provisions (a)-(f) of paragraph 417 shall meet the following requirements: Only one of the provisions (a)-(f) of paragraph 417 is allowed per consignment. Only one approved fissile material in packages classified in accordance with paragraph 417(f) is allowed per consignment unless multiple materials are authorized in the certificate ofapproval. Fissile material in packages classified in accordance with paragraph 417(c) shall be transported in a consignment with no more than 45 g of fissile nuclides. SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  43. Overview Introduction What, how much, who and societal needs The international regulatory framework Overview of regulatory framework SSR6 (2012) – outline of changes Transport of radioactive material Material and package types Future trends and challenges 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  44. Activity Limits Packaging Type Accumulation of Packages and Classification and Consignment Limits Activity Content (Bq) Package Type Limits TI / CSI Activity Concentration (Bq/g) Package Requirements Dose rates Solid, Liquid or gas Package Certification - unshielded (3m) Radionuclide(s) - surface Activity Content (A1, A2) - 1 m / 2m Radiometric survey Temperature Special Form Contamination I-White, II & III Yellow Transport of radioactive materials 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  45. Objectives of IAEA SSR6 To establish requirements that must be satisfied to ensure safety and protect persons, property and the environment from the effects of radiation during transport The protection is achieved by: Containment of the radioactive contents Control of external radiation levels Prevention of criticality Prevention of damage caused by heat Controls such as routeing or physical protection, which may be instituted for reasons other than radiological safety, are not specified SSR6 recommends that measures should be taken to ensure the radioactive material is kept secure during transport to prevent theft or damage and to ensure control of the material maintained at all times Transport of radioactive materials 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  46. General Provisions of IAEA SSR6 Radiation protection shall be optimised using ALARA, social and economic factors being taken into account Radiation protection programme shall be established Emergency response provisions, established at national and/or international levels shall be observed Management systems shall be established to standards acceptable to the competent authority The competent authority is responsible for assuring compliance with SSR6 and arranging or periodic assessments of the radiations doses to persons due to the transport of radioactive material Duty holder notifications are defined in the event of a non-compliance with the prescribed limits for radiation level or contamination Training – the provision of appropriate radiation protection training for workers and general awareness/familiarisation training for others and the need for training records are cited Transport of radioactive materials 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  47. Activity limits and material restrictions for transport The activity limitation on the contents of Type A packages (A1 for special form material and A2 for material not in special form) for any radionuclide or combination of radionuclides is derived on the basis of the radiological consequences which are deemed to be acceptable, within the principles of radiological protection, following failure of the package after an accident. The is no prescribed limit on the number of Type A packages transported on a conveyance. It is not unusual for Type A packages to be transported together, sometimes in large numbers. As a result, it is possible for the source term in the event of an accident to be greater than the release from a single damaged package. However, most Type A packages carry a small fraction of an A1 or A2 quantity; indeed only a small percentage of consignments of Type A packages comprise more than the equivalent of one full Type A package. Transport of radioactive materials 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  48. A1 and A2 values A series of exposure routes are considered, each of which might lead to radiation exposure (internal or external) to persons in the vicinity of a Type A package involved in a severe transport accident: External photon dose External beta dose Inhalation dose Skin and ingestion due to contamination transfer Submersion dose (gaseous isotopes) Effective or committed dose to a person in the vicinity 50 mSv 0.5 Sv for individual organs or 0.15 Sv to the lens of the eye Assumed a person will remain at 1m from a damaged package for < 30 minutes f(i) = fraction of activity in mixture X(i) = appropriate value of A1 and A2 for radionuclide i Transport of radioactive materials 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  49. Mixtures of radionuclides A1 and A2 for mixtures of radionuclides are calculated by (SSR6 para.405)  f(i) = fraction of activity in mixture X(i) = appropriate value of A1 and A2 for radionuclide i 1 = C m f(i) X(i) i Transport of radioactive materials 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

  50. Exempt materials If a material contains radionuclides where either the activity concentration or the activity for the consignment is less than the limits in Table 2, then the shipment of that material is exempt (i.e. the Regulations do not apply) The general principles for exemption are that: (a) the radiation risks to individuals caused by the exempted practice or source be sufficiently low as to be of no regulatory concern; (b) the collective radiological impact of the exempted practice or source be sufficiently low as not to warrant regulatory control; (c) the exempted practices and sources be inherently safe, with no appreciable likelihood of scenarios that could lead to a failure to meet the criteria in (a) and (b). Exemption values (IAEA GSR (Part 3) are in part based upon an individual effective dose of 10 mSv in a year for normal conditions. Transport of radioactive materials 13th International Radiation Protection Association Congress, Glasgow, 13-18 May 2012 (IRPA13)

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