Unit 2 – The Cell

1. Unit 2 – The Cell “We cannot fathom the marvelous complexity of an organic being; but on the hypothesis here advanced this complexity is much increased. Each living creature must be looked at as a microcosm--a little universe, formed of a host of self-propagating organisms, inconceivably minute and as numerous as the stars in heaven.” ― Charles Darwin

2. A) Cell Theory • All organisms are made up of one or more cells and the products of those cells • All cells carry out life activities – require energy, grow and have a limited size • New cells arise only from other living cell division • No spontaneous generation

3. A) Cell Theory Prokaryote Eukaryote Contains a nucleus Ex: Plant and animal cells • Does not contain a nucleus • Ex: Bacteria

4. B) Bacteria Cell Parts cytoplasm • Cytoplasm – a gel like liquid of thousands of molecules suspended in water, outside nucleus • Cell wall – rigid & protects the bacteria Cell wall

5. B) Bacteria Cell Parts cytoplasm • Cell membrane – controls what substances pass into and out of bacteria • DNA – the genetic material – simply floats around into the cytoplasm capsule DNA Cell wall Plasma/Cell membrane

6. B) Bacteria Cell Parts cytoplasm • Flagella – tiny whip like structures, used to move the bacteria around pili flagellum capsule ribosome DNA Cell wall Plasma/Cell membrane

7. C) Bacteria Cell Shapes • Coccus • Spherical • Bacillus • Rod Like • Spirilium • Spiral

8. C) Bacterial Shapes • Arrangement • Strepto– chain of bacteria cells • Staph – sheet or clumps of cells Streptococcus sobrinus Staphylococcus aureus

9. C) Bacterial Shapes • We can identify bacteria by shape and arrangement • We can also look at the type of cell wall by staining a sample of bacteria D) Bacteria Staining • Stains attach or do not attach to structures on a cell wall to identify if certain parts are present.

10. D) Bacteria Staining • Gram staining – a series of steps that allow the stain to bind to a layer of peptidoglycan • Positive – stain violet – cells have a thick layer of peptidoglycan on cell wall

11. D) Bacteria Staining • Gram staining – a series of steps that allow the stain to bind to a layer of peptidoglycan • Negative – stains red – cells have a thin layer of peptidoglycan on cell wall

12. How to Gram Stain

13. D) Bacteria Staining • Methylene Blue staining – stain to see nucleus more visibly • Acid Fast Staining – used to identify bacteria with a waxy mycolicacid (fatty acids) in their cell wall • Non-Acid Fast bacteria • Acid Fast Bacteria (have mycolic acid in cell wall and makes them more durable)

14. D) Bacteria Staining

15. Pre-Lab: Using a Compound Microscope to Study Cells • Tomorrow you have a full day of making slides and observing. • I will demonstrate at the beginning of class how to prepare a wet mount slide, be ready when the bell rings • We have two days of lab in a row. Make sure you leave enough room at the end of this lab to write your conclusion and answer the thinking like a biotechnician questions.

16. Reflect/Review: Compare and Contrast Prokaryote & Eukaryote • Place on the left side page after the TOC One TERM and a multi-color ILLUST-RATION The word, a definition of the word in student terms The word, a definition of the word in student terms One TERM and a multi-color ILLUST-RATION

17. Lab Day Bellwork • Get out Lab notebook. See me to check that you have it done. You must get initial from me in first 10 minutes of class otherwise you will lose points! MARK YOUR CALENDAR: Lab notebooks will be due Thursday (Sept 20) to be graded for setup and all labs in this unit. • Sit quietly and wait for instructions! 

18. Pre-Lab: Making Microscopic Measurements • There is no conclusion for this lab. Just follow the directions in data analysis. • The data table: Make sure you table is easy to read. If you are unsure, please ask.

19. Lab Day Bellwork • Get out Lab notebook. See me to check that you have it done. You must get initial from me in first 10 minutes of class otherwise you will lose points! MARK YOUR CALENDAR: Lab notebooks will be due Thursday (Sept 20) to be graded for setup and all labs in this unit. • Sit quietly and wait for instructions! 

20. Bellwork: Wednesday, September 19 • Cut out pictures of animal and plant cells. • Glue them to the top of the next empty right page. • On the left side of your notes (opposite of the bacteria notes) write a level 3 question about bacteria

21. E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells • Rigid, composed of cellulose • Give plant cells its box like shape, protects the cell, contains pores, and allow material to pass from the cell membrane • Bi-lipid membrane layer, contains proteins and carbohydrates, selectively permeable • Protects the cell and provides stability

22. E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells • Fluid filled organelle enclosed by a membrane • Stores material such as food, water, sugar, minerals and waste products • Membrane bound organelle • Contains genetic information, the “control center” of the cell

23. E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells • Non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found with in the nucleus • Where photosynthesis takes place • Creates energy for the plant cells

24. E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells • Round tube like organelles, have a double membrane, the inner membrane is folded • The “powerhouse” of the cell, releases food energy from food molecules, process called respiration • Jelly-like substance, mainly water • Holds the organelles, in between the cell membrane and nucleus, salts can dissolve in the cytoplasm

25. The Mitochondria

26. E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells • Small sac-like substance surrounded by a single membrane • Contain strong digestive enzymes • breaks down worn out organelles and food • Network of membranous canals filled with fluid • Carry materials through the cell • 2 types: Rough(with ribosomes), smooth (with out ribosomes)

27. E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells • Small particles found individually as well as on the ER • Produce proteins, thought of as the “factories” of the cell • Flattened membranous stacks (pancakes) • Temporarily stores proteins which can leave the cell in vesicles pinched off from the golgi

28. E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells • Hair like structures • Allows animal cells to move

29. The Inner Life of the Cell

30. Bellwork: Thursday, Sept 20 • Pick up the paper at the door • Have a seat and begin reading the article. • Answer the questions by the end of class.

31. Pre Lab: Gram Staining

32. Pre Lab: Gram Staining

33. Lab Day Bellwork, Sept 18 • Get out Lab notebook. See me to check that you have it done. You must get initial from me in first 10 minutes of class otherwise you will lose points! MARK YOUR CALENDAR: Lab notebooks will be due Thursday (Sept 20) to be graded for setup and all labs in this unit. • Sit quietly and wait for instructions! 

34. One Pager: Review • On the left page across from the Table of Contents for Unit 2, complete a “one pager” for the unit. It must include the following: • A title describing the Major Concept • The specific Chapter or Unit being covered • A large DIAGRAM with a BORDER – Multiple Colors must be used to reflect major concepts and key information. The border must reflect aspects of the unit, concepts, vocabulary or real life applications. • A TEN WORD caption for the diagram must be written below the diagram. The caption must summarize the diagram’s key concept. • A summary of at least ten sentences explaining the major concepts of the reading or unit must be written. • At least five key terms must be used and highlighted in the summary/explanation. • An explanation of a word or idea to demonstrate an understanding of the information must be included. • There must be a QUESTION BOX. Inside the Question Box must be at LEAST two (2) higher-level questions for further. There must be an explanation of WHY each question was selected after each question is written. • Something creative (your choice) showing or explaining how the information relates to some aspect of your life.