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The Chemistry of Life: Understanding Atoms, Elements, and Bonds

Dive into the realm of chemical reactions, atoms, elements, isotopes, and bonds that shape life. Explore how atoms combine to form compounds, the significance of elements, and the role of different types of bonds in molecular structures. Discover the magic of chemistry that keeps all living organisms thriving.

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The Chemistry of Life: Understanding Atoms, Elements, and Bonds

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  1. Chapter # 2 – The Chemistry of Life I. The Nature of Matter -Life depends on Chemistry….Chemical reactions in our body keep us alive & all things are made of chemical compounds. A. Atoms – atomos (unable to be cut) Atom – the basic unit of matter.

  2. The atom contains 3 subatomic particles 1. Protons – positively charged particles. 2. Neutrons – particles with no charge. 3. Electrons – negatively charged particles that are constantly in motion outside of the nucleus.

  3. Atomic Nuclei -Protons + Neutrons = the nucleus Nucleus – the center of the atom which contains the protons & the neutrons. -Atoms are neutral because they have equal numbers of protons & electrons. -Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons

  4. B. Elements & Isotopes Element – a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. -Over 100 elements are known, but only about 24 are found in living organisms. -Elements are represented by symbols, Ex : C = Carbon, H = Hydrogen, etc. -An element’s atomic number = # protons in an atom of the element. Atomic mass – # protons = # neutrons.

  5. Isotopes Isotopes – atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, Ex : C12,C13, C14 -Are identified by mass number. -Because they have the same # of electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.

  6. Radioactive Isotopes Radioactive isotopes – isotopes with unstable nuclei that break down at a constant rate over time. -Used to date specimens, treat cancer, & kill bacteria.

  7. C. Chemical Compounds Compound – a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions. -The composition of compounds is shown as a chemical formula, Ex : Water is made of 2 hydrogen atoms & 1 oxygen atom. Its chemical formula is H2O.

  8. D. Chemical Bonds -Atoms in compounds are held together by chemical bonds. -Bonding happens between electrons that surround atomic nuclei. Electrons that are available to bond are called valence electrons. 2 Major Types of Bonds 1. Ionic – when 1 or more electrons are transferred from 1 atom to another. 2. Covalent – when electrons are shared between atoms.

  9. In Ionic bonding : Ions – are positively or negatively charged atoms. Atoms become ions if they : 1. Lose electrons = become positive (cation). 2. Gain electrons = become negative (anion).

  10. Types of Covalent Bonds : 1. Single bond – when atoms share 2 electrons (1 pair of electrons). 2. Double bond – when atoms share 4 electrons (2 pairs of electrons). 3. Triple bond – when atoms share 6 electrons (3 pairs of electrons).

  11. Molecules & van der Waals forces -Atoms are joined together by covalent bonds, to form molecules – the smallest unit of most compounds. -Electron sharing isn’t always equal. van der Waals forces – a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules.

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