Boundless Teaching Platform: Customizable Textbooks for Engaging Education

1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

4. The Ottoman Empire The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Partition of the Ottoman Empire Israel and Palestine The Monarchies of the Middle East ] Iran The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Afghanistan The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire(continued) ] The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire > The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire • Decline of the Ottoman Empire • European Influence on the Ottomans • Ataturk and Turkish Independence • The Armenian Genocide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-middle-east-after-the-ottoman-empire-1473/the-ottoman-empire-1474/

7. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire > Partition of the Ottoman Empire Partition of the Ottoman Empire • The Sykes-Picot Agreement • The United Kingdom in the Middle East • France in the Middle East • The Discovery of Oil in the Middle East Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-middle-east-after-the-ottoman-empire-1473/partition-of-the-ottoman-empire-1479/

8. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire > Israel and Palestine Israel and Palestine • Zionism • The Partitioning of Palestine • The Jewish State • Palestinian Refugees • The Six-Day War Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-middle-east-after-the-ottoman-empire-1473/israel-and-palestine-1484/

9. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire > The Monarchies of the Middle East The Monarchies of the Middle East • Saudi Arabia • Jordan • The Emirates of the Arabian Peninsula • OPEC Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-middle-east-after-the-ottoman-empire-1473/the-monarchies-of-the-middle-east-1490/

10. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire > Iran Iran • Iran under the Shah • The Iranian Revolution • The Islamic Republic of Iran • The Iran-Iraq War Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-middle-east-after-the-ottoman-empire-1473/iran-1495/

11. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire > Afghanistan Afghanistan • Afghanistan and the Cold War • Rise of Anti-Soviet Sentiment • The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan • The United States and the Mujahideen • Emergence of Extremism Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-middle-east-after-the-ottoman-empire-1473/afghanistan-1500/

12. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

13. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Key terms • "resource curse"Also known as the paradox of plenty, refers to the fact that countries with an abundance of natural resources, specifically non-renewable resources like minerals and fuels, tend to have less economic growth, less democracy, and worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources. • 1948 Arab–Israeli WarA war between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states, forming the second stage of the 1948 Palestine war. The ongoing civil war between the Jews and Arabs in Palestine transformed into an interstate conflict between Israel and the Arab states following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. A combined invasion by Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, together with expeditionary forces from Iraq, entered Palestine. • 953 Iranian CoupThe overthrow of the Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on August 19, 1953, orchestrated by the United Kingdom (under the name "Operation Boot") and the United States (under the name "Operation Ajax"). • Abadan CrisisOccurred from 1951 to 1954 after Iran nationalized the Iranian assets of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and expelled Western companies from oil refineries in the city of Abadan. • absolute monarchyA form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority that is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. These are often, but not always, hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state's authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature. • Al QaedaA militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s. • ApostasyA person's formal renunciation of a religion, also used in the broader context of embracing an opinion contrary to one's previous beliefs. • Arab LeagueA regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Arabia. It was formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945 with six members: Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. • Arab SpringA revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on December 17, 2010, in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution, and spread through the Arab League and surrounding countries. Major insurgencies and civil wars in Iraq, Libya, Syria, and Yemen resulted, along with civil uprisings in Bahrain and Egypt; large street demonstrations in Algeria, Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, and Sudan; and minor protests in Djibouti, Mauritania, the Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, and the Western Sahara. • Ashkenazi JewsA Jewish diaspora population who coalesced as a distinct community in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium. The traditional diaspora language is Yiddish. • Atatürk's ReformsA series of political, legal, religious, cultural, social, and economic policy changes that were designed to convert the new Republic of Turkey into a secular, modern nation-state and implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in accordance with Kemalist ideology. Central to these reforms were the belief that Turkish society would have to Westernize itself both politically and culturally in order to modernize. • Ayatollah Ruhollah KhomeiniAn Iranian Shia Muslim religious leader, revolutionary, and politician. He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution that saw the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, he became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

14. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire • Babrak KarmalAn Afghan politician installed as president of Afghanistan by the USSR when they invaded in 1979. Policy failures and the stalemate that ensued after the Soviet intervention led the Soviet leadership to become highly critical of his leadership. Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union deposed him and replaced him with Mohammad Najibullah. • Balfour DeclarationA letter dated November 1917 from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. It stated British support for "a national home for the Jewish people..." • cartelAn agreement between competing firms to control prices or exclude entry of a new competitor in a market. It is a formal organization of sellers or buyers that agree to fix selling prices, purchase prices, or reduce production using a variety of tactics. • Concert of EuropeA system of dispute resolution adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power. It operated in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the early 1820s. • constitutional monarchyA form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution. It differs from absolute monarchy (in which a monarch holds absolute power), in that the monarchs are bound to exercise their powers and authorities within the limits prescribed by an established legal framework. • Crimean WarA military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. • David Ben-GurionThe primary founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel. On May 14, 1948, he formally proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel and was the first to sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence, which he helped write. He led Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and united the various Jewish militias into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Subsequently, he became known as "Israel's founding father." • Eastern QuestionIn diplomatic history, this refers to the strategic competition and political considerations of the European Great Powers in light of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries. • EmirateA political territory is ruled by a dynastic Islamic monarch-style emir. It also means principality. • Eretz-IsraelThe traditional Jewish name for an area of indefinite geographical extension in the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious, and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine. • Franco-Syrian WarA war that took place during 1920 between the Hashemite rulers of the newly established Arab Kingdom of Syria and France. During a series of engagements that climaxed in the Battle of Maysalun, French forces defeated the forces of the Hashemite monarch King Faisal and his supporters, entering Damascus on July 24, 1920. A new pro-French government was declared in Syria on July 25. • Gaza StripA small, self-governing Palestinian territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the southwest for 6.8 miles and Israel on the east and north along a 32-mile border. Together with the West Bank, it comprises the territories claimed by the Palestinians as the State of Palestine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

15. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire • genocideThe United Nations Genocide Convention defines this as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group." The term was coined in response to the mass deportation and killing of Armenians by the Ottomans. • GharbzadegiA pejorative Persian term variously translated as "Westoxification," "Westitis," "Euromania," or "Occidentosis." It is used to refer to the loss of Iranian cultural identity through the adoption and imitation of Western models and Western criteria in education, the arts, and culture and the subsequent transformation of Iran into a passive market for Western goods and a pawn in Western geopolitics. • Great GameA term used by historians to describe a political and diplomatic confrontation that existed for most of the 19th century between Britain and Russia over Afghanistan and neighboring territories in Central and Southern Asia. Russia was fearful of British commercial and military inroads into Central Asia, and Britain was fearful of Russia adding "the jewel in the crown," India, to the vast empire it was building in Asia. This resulted in an atmosphere of distrust and constant threat of war between the two empires. • Greek War of IndependenceA successful war of independence waged by the Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1832 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were later assisted by the Russian Empire, Great Britain, the Kingdom of France, and several other European powers, while the Ottomans were aided by their vassals, the eyalets of Egypt, Algeria, and Tripolitania, and the Beylik of Tunis. • Gulf WarA war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait. • Iran hostage crisisA diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States in which 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981, after a group of Iranian students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. It is the longest hostage crisis in recorded history. • Iranian RevolutionThe overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States, and its eventual replacement with an Islamic republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution. This was supported by various leftist and Islamist organizations and Iranian student movements. • Islamic Emirate of AfghanistanAn Islamic state established in September 1996 when the Taliban began its rule of Afghanistan after the fall of Kabul. At its peak, the Taliban established control over approximately 90% of the country, whereas parts of the northeast were held by the Northern Alliance. The regime ended on December 9, 2001, forced out by the Northern Alliance backed by U.S. air forces. • Islamic JuristsExperts in fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic Law, the human understanding of the Sharia (believed by Muslims to represent divine law as revealed in the Quran and the Sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad). • Islamic RepublicThe name given to several states in countries ruled by Islamic laws. Despite the similar name, their governments and laws substantially differ. The term "Islamic republic" has come to mean several different things, some contradictory. To some Muslim religious leaders in the Middle East and Africa who advocate it, this type of state is under a particular Islamic form of government. They see it as a compromise between a purely Islamic caliphate and secular nationalism and republicanism. In their conception, the penal code of the state must be compatible with some or all laws of Sharia, and the state may not be a monarchy as many Middle Eastern states are presently. • Islamic State of Iraq and the LevantA jihadist unrecognised state and militant group that follows a fundamentalist doctrine of Sunni Islam. This group has been designated a terrorist organization by the United Nations and many individual countries. It is widely known for its videoed beheadings of both soldiers and civilians, including journalists and aid workers, and destruction of cultural heritage sites. The United Nations holds them responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes, and Amnesty International charged the group with ethnic cleansing on a "historic scale" in northern Iraq. • JihadAn Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to maintain and spread the religion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

16. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire • KGBThe main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991, acting as internal security, intelligence, and secret police. • KurdsAn ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of eastern and southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), western Iran (Eastern or Iranian Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern or Iraqi Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan or Rojava). They are culturally and linguistically closely related to the Iranian peoples and are thus often classified as Iranian. • League of NationsAn intergovernmental organization founded on January 10, 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other issues in this and related treaties included labor conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, human and drug trafficking, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe. • League of Nations mandateThe legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I, or the legal instruments that contained the internationally agreed-upon terms for administering the territory on behalf of the League of Nations. Two governing principles formed the core of this system: non-annexation of the territory and its administration as a “sacred trust of civilisation” to develop the territory for the benefit of its native people. • Leonid BrezhnevThe General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. His 18-year term as General Secretary was second only to that of Joseph Stalin in duration. During his rule, the global influence of the Soviet Union grew dramatically, in part because of the expansion of the Soviet military during this time. His tenure as leader was marked by the beginning of an era of economic and social stagnation in the Soviet Union. • Mandatory PalestineA geopolitical entity under British administration, carved out of Ottoman Southern Syria after World War I. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 until 1948. • Mohammad Sardar Daoud KhanThe Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 who later became the first President of Afghanistan. He overthrew the Musahiban monarchy of his first cousin Mohammed Zahir Shah and declared himself as the first President of Afghanistan from 1973 until his assassination in 1978 as a result of the Saur Revolution led by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). He was known for his progressive policies, his efforts for the improvement of women's rights, and for initiating two five-year modernization plans that increased the labor force by about 50 percent. • Mohammed Zahir ShahThe last King of Afghanistan, reigning from November 8, 1933, until he was deposed on July 17, 1973. During his four decades of rule, he became a prominent Afghan figure worldwide, establishing friendly relations with many countries and modernizing his country. • mujahideenThe term for one engaged in Jihad. In English usage, it originally referred to the guerrilla type military outfits led by the Muslim Afghan warriors in the Soviet–- War, but now may refer to jihadist outfits in other countries. • Mustafa KemalA Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938. His surname, Atatürk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament. • Nuremberg LawsAntisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced on September 15, 1935, by the Reichstag at a special meeting convened at the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). The two laws were the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour, which forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans and the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households, and the Reich Citizenship Law, which declared that only those of German or related blood were eligible to be Reich citizens. The remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights. • Operation CycloneThe code name for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to arm and finance the Jihadi warriors, mujahideen, in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989, prior to and during the military intervention by the USSR in support of its client, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

17. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire • Organisation of Islamic CooperationAn international organization founded in 1969 consisting of 57 member states, with a collective population of over 1.6 billion as of 2008. The organization states that it is "the collective voice of the Muslim world" and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony." • Osama bin LadenThe founder of al-Qaeda, the organization that claimed responsibility for the September 11 attacks on the United States, along with numerous other mass-casualty attacks worldwide. • Palestinian Exodus of 1948Also known as the Nakba, this event occurred when more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes during the 1948 Palestine war. • Peel CommissionA British Royal Commission of Inquiry headed by Lord Peel, appointed in 1936 to investigate the causes of unrest in Mandatory Palestine. It was administered by Britain following the six-month-long Arab general strike in Mandatory Palestine. • People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA)A socialist party established on January 1, 1965. While a minority, the party helped former prime minister of Afghanistan, Mohammed Daoud Khan, overthrow his cousin, Mohammed Zahir Shah, and established the Republic of Afghanistan. Later in 1978 this party, with help from the Afghan National Army, seized power from Daoud in what is known as the Saur Revolution. • pogromA violent riot aimed at the massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews. The term originally entered the English language to describe 19th and 20th century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire. • Reagan DoctrineA strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration to overwhelm the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under this doctrine, the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. • Red Line AgreementThe name given to an agreement signed by partners in the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) on July 31, 1928. The aim of the agreement was to formalize the corporate structure of TPC and bind all partners to a "self-denial clause" that prohibited any of its shareholders from independently seeking oil interests in the ex-Ottoman territory. It marked the creation of an oil monopoly, or cartel, of immense influence, spanning a vast territory. • Red SundayAn event during the Armenian Genocide in which leaders of the Armenian community in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, and later other locations, were arrested and moved to two holding centers near Ankara. The order to do so was given by Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha on April 24, 1915. On that night, the first wave of 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals of Constantinople were arrested. Eventually, arrests and deportations totaled 2,345. • refugeeA displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and cannot return home safely because of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. • Saur RevolutionA revolution led by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) against the rule of self-proclaimed Afghan President Mohammed Daoud Khan on April 27-28, 1978. It led to civil war and the intervention of the Soviet Union. • ShahA title given to the emperors, kings, princes, and lords of Iran (historically known as Persia). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

18. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire • Sharia lawThe religious law governing the members of the Islamic faith. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. • sulfur mustardCommonly known as mustard gas, this cytotoxic and vesicant chemical warfare agent forms large blisters on exposed skin and in the lungs. • Sunni IslamThe largest denomination of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the exemplary behavior of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The differences between this sect and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over the choice of Muhammad's successor and subsequently acquired broader political significance, as well as theological and juridical dimensions. • T. E. LawrenceA British author, archaeologist, military officer, and diplomat. He was renowned for his liaison role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia—a title used for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities. • TalibanA Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan currently waging war (an insurgency, or jihad) within that country. From 1996 to 2001, it held power in Afghanistan and enforced a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law, of which the international community and leading Muslims have been highly critical. • TanzimatLiterally meaning "reorganization," a period of reformation in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. This era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire and secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements from within and aggressive powers from outside of the state. • Tehcir LawA law passed by the Ottoman Parliament on May 27, 1915, authorizing the deportation of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population. The resettlement campaign resulted in the deaths of anywhere between 800,000 and more than 1.8 million civilians in what is commonly referred to as the Armenian Genocide. • The Turkish War of IndependenceA war fought between the Turkish nationalists and the proxies of the Allies – namely Greece on the Western front, Armenia on the Eastern, France on the Southern and with them, the United Kingdom and Italy in Constantinople (now Istanbul) – after some parts of Turkey were occupied and partitioned following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I. It led to the founding of the Republic of Turkey. • theocraticA form of government in which a deity is the source from which all authority derives. The civil leader is believed to have a personal connection with the civilization's religion or belief. • Theodor HerzlAn Austro-Hungarian journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer. He was one of the fathers of modern political Zionism. He formed the World Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish migration to Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state (Israel). • Triple EntenteThe understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on August 31, 1907. The understanding between the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Kingdom of Italy, though Italy did not side with Germany and Austria during World War I. • Tudeh PartyAn Iranian communist party  formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mohsen Eskandari as its head. It had considerable influence in its early years and played an important role during Mohammad Mosaddegh's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and his term as prime minister. The crackdown that followed the 1953 coup against Mosaddeq is said to have "destroyed" the party, although it continued. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

19. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire • Turkish National MovementEncompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of the modern Republic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the subsequent occupation of Constantinople and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros. • Turkish War of IndependenceA war fought between the Turkish nationalists and the proxies of the Allies – namely Greece on the Western front, Armenia on the Eastern, France on the Southern and with them, the United Kingdom and Italy in Constantinople (now Istanbul) – after some parts of Turkey were occupied and partitioned following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I. It resulted in the founding of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy and caliphate. • United Nations Partition Plan for PalestineA 1947 proposal by the United Nations that recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. • weapons of mass destructionNuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other weapons that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures (e.g. buildings), natural structures (e.g. mountains), or the biosphere. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically. It was originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives. • West BankA landlocked territory near the Mediterranean coast of Western Asia, forming the bulk of the Palestinian territories. It shares a border with Jordan across the Jordan River. • White RevolutionA far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasting until 1978. Mohammad Reza Shah’s reform program was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system. It consisted of several elements, including land reform, sale of some state-owned factories to finance this land reform, enfranchisement of women, nationalization of forests and pastures, formation of a literacy corps, and institution of profit-sharing schemes for workers in industry. • Yom Kippur WarA war fought by a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973. The fighting mostly took place in the Sinai and the Golan Heights, territories occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967. • Yom Kippur WarA war fought by a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel from October 6 to 25, 1973. The fighting mostly took place in the Sinai and the Golan Heights, territories that had been occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat wanted also to reopen the Suez Canal. Neither specifically planned to destroy Israel, although the Israeli leaders could not be sure of that. • Young TurksA political reform movement in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers. They favored the replacement of the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. Later, their leaders led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. With this revolution, they helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, ushering in an era of multi-party democracy for the first time in the country’s history. • ZionismThe national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Palestine, Canaan, or the Holy Land).  It emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired state in Palestine, then controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

20. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Armenian Genocide "Those who fell by the wayside. Scenes like this were common all over the Armenian provinces in the spring and summer months of 1915. Death in its several forms—massacre, starvation, exhaustion—destroyed the larger part of the refugees. The Turkish policy was that of extermination under the guise of deportation." Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Morgenthau336.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide#/media/File:Morgenthau336.jpgView on Boundless.com

21. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Sykes-Picot Agreement Map of Sykes-Picot Agreement showing Eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria, and Western Persia, and areas of control and influence agreed between the British and the French. It was an enclosure in Paul Cambon's letter to Sir Edward Grey, May 9, 1916. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."MPK1-426_Sykes_Picot_Agreement_Map_signed_8_May_1916.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/MPK1-426_Sykes_Picot_Agreement_Map_signed_8_May_1916.jpgView on Boundless.com

22. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Mandatory Palestine The formal transfer of Jerusalem to British rule. A native priest reads the proclamation from the steps of the Tower of David. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."A_world_in_perplexity_(1918)_(14780310121).jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine#/media/File:A_world_in_perplexity_(1918)_(14780310121).jpgView on Boundless.com

23. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon Map showing the states of the French Mandate from 1921–22. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."440px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon#/media/File:French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svgView on Boundless.com

24. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Results of the Six-Day War Territory held by Israel before and after the Six Day War. Israel gained control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Six_Day_War_Territories.svg.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Six_Day_War_Territories.svgView on Boundless.com

25. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire 1953 Iranian Coup Tanks in the streets of Tehran after the coup, 1953 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Operationajax.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27etat#/media/File:Operationajax.jpgView on Boundless.com

26. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Theodore Herzl Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of the Zionist movement. In his 1896 book Der Judenstaat, he envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Theodore_Herzl.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism#/media/File:Theodore_Herzl.jpgView on Boundless.com

27. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 1947 A map of the UN plan for partitioning Palestine into independent Arab and Jewish States and a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."800px-UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpgView on Boundless.com

28. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Oil in Saudi Arabia Dammam No. 7, the first commercial oil well in Saudi Arabia, struck oil on March 4, 1938. Saudi Arabia has since become the world's largest oil producer and exporter, controlling the world's second largest oil reserves, and the sixth largest gas reserves. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Dammam_No._7_on_March_4,_1938.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dammam_No._7_on_March_4,_1938.jpgView on Boundless.com

29. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Emirate of Qatar Former Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in 2013. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."1920px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Amir_Hamad_bin_Khalifa_al-Thani.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Amir_Hamad_bin_Khalifa_al-Thani.jpgView on Boundless.com

30. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Relations with United States The Shah with John F. Kennedy and Robert McNamara in 1962. During the Shah's rule, the United States and Iran were close allies. In 1953, the United States helped overthrow the Prime Minister in favor of increasing the Shah's power. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."ShahKennedy.gif."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ShahKennedy.gifView on Boundless.com

31. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Burj Khalifa Burj Khalifa, a skyscraper in Dubai, is the tallest human-made structure in the world. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg."GNU FDL 1.2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpgView on Boundless.com

32. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Declaration of the State of Israel David Ben-Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence on May 14, 1948. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpgView on Boundless.com

33. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Iran-Iraq War Participation of child soldiers on Iranian front (top left); Bodies of Iranian civilians killed in the Iraqi invasion (top right); Port quarter view of USS Stark listing to port after being mistakenly struck by an Iraqi warplane (middle left); Pro-Iraq PMOI forces killed in Operation Mersad (middle right); Iraqi prisoners of war after the re-capture of Khorramshahr by Iranians (below left); ZU-23-2 being used by the Iranian Army (below right). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Iran-Iraq_war-gallery.png."GNU FDL 1.2https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iran-Iraq_war-gallery.pngView on Boundless.com

34. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire The Dissolution of the the Ottoman Empire Mehmed VI, the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, November 17, 1922 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Sultanvahideddin.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#/media/File:Sultanvahideddin.jpgView on Boundless.com

35. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire "The Russian Menace" "The Russian menace: a Serio-Comic War Map for the Year 1877." An English cartoon from 1877 showing Russia as a monstrous octopus devouring neighbouring lands, especially the Ottoman Empire. During much of the 19th century, Russia had considerable influence over the Ottomans. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Satirical_map_of_Europe,_1877.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Satirical_map_of_Europe%2C_1877.jpgView on Boundless.com

36. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Turkish War of Independence Clockwise from top left: Delegation gathered in Sivas Congress to determine the objectives of the National Struggle; Turkish people carrying ammunition to the front; Kuva-yi Milliye infantry; Turkish horse cavalry in chase; the Turkish army entering Izmir; last troops gathered in Ankara Ulus Square leaving for the front. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Türk_Kurtuluş_Savaşı_-_kolaj.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence#/media/File:Turk_Kurtulus_Savasi_-_kolaj.jpgView on Boundless.com

37. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire 1973 Oil Crisis An undersupplied U.S. gasoline station, closed during the oil embargo in 1973 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."GASOLINE_SHORTAGE_HIT_THE_STATE_OF_OREGON_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_BY_MIDDAY_GASOLINE_WAS_BECOMING_UNAVAILABLE_ALONG..._-_NARA_-_555405.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GASOLINE_SHORTAGE_HIT_THE_STATE_OF_OREGON_IN_THE_FALL_OF_1973_BY_MIDDAY_GASOLINE_WAS_BECOMING_UNAVAILABLE_ALONG..._-_NARA_-_555405.jpgView on Boundless.com

38. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Palestinian Exodus Palestine refugees making their way from their former homes in Galilee, October–November 1948 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Palestinian_refugees.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palestinian_refugees.jpgView on Boundless.com

39. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Iranian Revolution The Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, left the country for exile in January 1979 after strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country, and on February 1, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Tehran to a greeting of several million Iranians. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Mass_demonstration.jpg."GNU FDL 1.2https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mass_demonstration.jpgView on Boundless.com

40. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Ayatollah Khomeini The post-revolutionary leader – Shia cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini – first came to political prominence in 1963 when he led opposition to the Shah and his White Revolution. After the revolution, Khomeini told questioners that "the religious dignitaries do not want to rule." Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Roollah-khomeini.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roollah-khomeini.jpgView on Boundless.com

41. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Iran Hostage Crisis A group photograph of the fifty-two U.S. hostages in a hospital where they spent a few days after their release. The hostages were released after 444 days of detention in Tehran. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."DF-SN-82-06759.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DF-SN-82-06759.jpgView on Boundless.com

42. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Zahir Shah Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan, who reigned from 1933 to 1973. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Zahir_Shah_of_Afghanistan_in_1930s-cropped.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zahir_Shah_of_Afghanistan_in_1930s-cropped.jpgView on Boundless.com

43. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Saur Revolution The day after the Marxist revolution on April 28, 1978. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Day_after_Saur_revolution.JPG."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Day_after_Saur_revolution.JPGView on Boundless.com

44. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Soviet paratroopers aboard a BMD-1 tank in Kabul. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Afghan_War#/media/File:BMD-1_in_Afghanistan.jpgView on Boundless.com

45. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Reagan and the Mujahideen President Reagan meeting with Afghan mujahideen leaders in the Oval Office in 1983 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."1920px-Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reagan_sitting_with_people_from_the_Afghanistan-Pakistan_region_in_February_1983.jpgView on Boundless.com

46. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Afghan Civil War A totally destroyed section of Kabul during the civil war in 1993. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Kabul_during_civial_war_of_fundamentalists_1993-2.jpg."GNU FDL 1.2https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kabul_during_civial_war_of_fundamentalists_1993-2.jpgView on Boundless.com

47. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Map of the situation in Afghanistan in late 1996; Massoud (red), Dostum (green) and Taliban (yellow) territories. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."1996afghan_(1).png."GNU FDL 1.2https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1996afghan_(1).pngView on Boundless.com

48. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire King Abdullah of Jordan The current King of Jordan is Abdullah II, who assumed the throne in 1999. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."440px-King_Abdullah_portrait.jpg."CC BY-SA 2.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_portrait.jpgView on Boundless.com

49. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire Attribution • Wikipedia."Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire • Wikipedia."Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeat_and_dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire • Wikipedia."History of the Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire • Wikipedia."Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire • Wikipedia."Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire • Wikipedia."Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire • Wikipedia."Eastern Question."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Question • Wikipedia."Turkish War of Independence."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence • Wikipedia."History of the Republic of Turkey."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey • Wikipedia."Mustafa Kemal Ataturk."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk • Wikipedia."Turkey."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey • Wikipedia."Turkish National Movement."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement • Wikipedia."Armenian Genocide."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide • Wikipedia."History of the Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire • Wikipedia."Armenians."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians • Wikipedia."Sykes-Picot Agreement."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes_Picot_Agreement • Wikipedia."Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

50. The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire • Wikipedia."History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom • Wikipedia."Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire • Wikipedia."Balfour Declaration."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration • Wikipedia."Mandatory Palestine."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine • Wikipedia."Paris Peace Conference, 1919."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919 • Wikipedia."French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon • Wikipedia."Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire • Wikipedia."History of Syria."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria • Wikipedia."Red Line Agreement."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_Agreement • Wikipedia."Resource curse."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_curse • Wikipedia."Anglo-Persian Oil Company."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company • Wikipedia."Theodor Herzl."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl • Wikipedia."Zionism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism • Wikipedia."United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine • Wikipedia."Mandatory Palestine."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine • Wikipedia."Zionism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism • Wikipedia."Jewish state."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_state • Wikipedia."Israel."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel • Wikipedia."Palestinian refugees."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugees Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com