P L A G U E

1. FACT of the Day 5 54-76 P L A G U E 54 The Black PLAGUE spread primarily from coastal areas to inland ones. Most likely carried on board ships by sailors and rats and fleas.

2. 55 IRISH POTATO FAMINE Throughout the Famine years, nearly a million Irish arrived in the United States. Famine immigrants were the first big wave of poor refugees ever to arrive in the U.S. and Americans were simply overwhelmed. Upon arrival in America, the Irish found the going to be quite tough. With no one to help them, they immediatelysettled into the lowest rung of society and waged a daily battle for survival. The roughest welcome of all would be in Boston, Massachusetts, an Anglo-Saxon city with a population of about 115,000. It was a place run by descendants of English Puritans, men who could proudly recite their lineage back to 1620 and the Mayflower ship. Now, some two hundred thirty years later, their city was undergoing nothing short of an unwanted "social revolution" as described by Ephraim Peabody, member of an old Yankee family. In 1847,the first big year of Famine emigration, the city was swamped with 37,000 Irish Catholics arriving by sea and land. (No infrastructure-tenement housing/no sanitation)

3. 55 IRISH POTATO FAMINE Struck Ireland btwn 1847 and 1854 and was the catalyst for a large wave of IRISH emigration to the USA. Btwn 1820 & 1854, overpopulation and poor harvests made the Irish the largest group immigrating to the USA nearly every year. By 1900, the USA had more Irish people than Ireland did. 56 CHARACTERISTICS of a DEVELOPING NATION * Few Services of Manufacturing Business * SUBSISTENCE farming - crops produced for personal needs rather than for sale * Widespread POVERTY, LOW standard of LIVING

4. Brook Farm Established in Massachusetts, in 1841, was one of several UTOPIANreligious communities founded to counter the growing commercialism of American society. Brook farm was home to the TRANSCENDENTALISTS, a group of writers and intellectuals that included Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Similar UTOPIAN groups included New York’s ONEIDA community and the SHAKERS who practiced CELIBACY and granted near-equal rights to women. 57

5. 58 PUSH/PULL Factors-IMMIGRATION PUSH - unemployment, crime, political instability, etc PULL - employment, improved quality of life, improved educational opportunites, safelty & health, etc.

6. SPANISH - AMERICAN WAR 59 * USS MAINE SINKS * USA acquires PUERTO RICO & Guam * Fighting takes place in CUBA * 1898 * America wins in 3 month battle * SPain is no longer a force in the World 60 P A N A M A C A N A L * Built between 1901 - 1914 * Connects the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean * Short- cut through Narrowest portion of Central America * 5000 lives lost during construction - Disease * Yellow Fever, Malaria

7. 61 SCOPES TRIAL The Fundamentalists rejectedDARWIN’S THEORY of EVOLUTION,which suggested thathumans developed from lower forms of life over millions of years. Instead, Fundamentalists believed inCREATIONISM – that GOD created the world as described in the BIBLE.Fundamentalistsbelieved everything could be explained by the Bible They disagreed with the theory of evolution!!! In 1925, Tennessee passed the BUTLER ACT, which made it illegal to teach anything that denied CREATIONISM and taught EVOLUTION instead. John T. Scopes, a biology teacher was asked to test the Butler Act by teaching evolution in class. Science VS. Religion creation-evolution controversy Also known as the MONKEY TRIAL.

8. 62 LEAGUE OF NATIONS The League of Nations was first proposed by Woodrow Wilson in 1918. When World War 1 ended on November 11, 1918, the League of Nations was created as an organization for nations to work together. The purpose of the league was to promote peace between the countries involved. The theme for Point 10 of the League of Nations was “All for one and one for all”. This meant that if one country were to enter or be drawn into war, the other countries would have to provide assistance. The United States rejected the League of Nations because it might suck the United States into all kinds of wars and give Britain more political edge. The League of Nations was the stepping stone for what is now known as the United Nations.

9. League of Nations 62 Following the USA victory in WW I, President Woodrow Wilson wanted to create an organization dedicated to establishing WORLD PEACE. Such an organization would provide a forum for addressing international problems. Many Americans opposed U.S. membership in the League of Nations out of concern that it would -- Lead to U.S. involvement in international conflicts without congressional approval

10. 63 PALMER RAIDS In the Palmer Raids of 1919 & 1920, the government raided pool halls, social clubs, union halls, and residences in search of radicals, particularly immigrants who were suspected of having “divided loyalties,” (communists).The raids were part of a broader U.S. government attempt to crack down on dissent during and immediately after WW I.

11. 64 Buying StocK on MargiN Buying on Margin (credit) contributed to the 1929 stock market crash. Stock traders had been allowed to buy stocks using income they thought they would EARN down the road (later). Traders were paying only 10 to 20 percent of the stock and borrowing the rest against FUTURE PROFITS. Many of these speculators were banks and businesses; when the market crashed, those banks and businesses had few options but to fold (go out of business). BUYING ON MARGIN was outlawed soon after the Stock Market CRASH. Bull BEAR vs BULL MKT Bear

12. 65 Great Depression Causes: Buying Stock on Margin High tariffs (taxes) on imported goods Decline in Agricultural (farming) Prices Overproduction of industrial goods Bank Failures (ran out of money) The economy collapsed, and millions of people became unemployed.

13. 66 D U S T B O W L * Drought & Erosion in the Midwest (Great Plains), combined with farming crisis during the GREAT DEPRESSION creates the Dust Bowl. * Farmers leave their farms on the Great Plains, migrate (FARMING CRISIS = POOR AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES) to California.

14. 67 NEW D E A L To COMBAT the effects of the GREAT DEPRESSION FDR & Congress initated the following: Federal Control of Banks Federal Oversight for Stocks & Bonds Personal Security Job Creation Social Security Administration In order to end the Great Depression and restore a sound economy the POWER of the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT increased.

15. SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAM 68 * Part of the NEW DEAL, to combat the GREAT DEPRESSION * NEW DEAL programs * Still affects AMERICANS today * Number of people eligible for Social Security is increasing because we are living tried to end the Depression & restore American economy longer because of better Health Care

16. 69 Internment of Japanese AMERICANS In 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt approved Executive Order 9066 calling for a policy that lasted until the end of the war. Claiming that Japanese-Americans might serve as enemy agents within the USA, the government sent more than 111,000 to internment camps. Although no one was charged with crimes, many lost their homes and possessions.

17. 69 Japanese INTERNMENT CAMPS FDR authorized the EVACUATION of all Japanese from the West Coast into relocation centers The government INTERNED (imprisoned) around 120,000 Japan-AMERICANS, 2/3s of them…. NATIVE-BORN USA citizens. (born in America) Move came under public fear of Japanese sabotage following Pearl Harbor, and in some part, due to racial discrimination In 1988, Congress voted to pay COMPENSATION to each surviving internees…… ………………..violation of their Civil Rights under the US Constitution (JAILS) 1942

18. 70 TRACT HOUSING * Soldiers come back from WW II * BABY BOOM, more housing is required * BIG Population Growth * SUBURBS develop outside of cities * Houses look alike * LEVITTOWN was the FIRST

19. 71 Indian Reorganization Act REVERSED DAWES SEVERALTY ACT Attempted to restore the tribal basis of Native American life Tribal life was to recognized as "normal" 1934

20. 72 SPUTNIK I * Launched by the SOVIET UNION/RUSSIA in 1957 * Worlds FIRST SATELLITE in SPACE * Embarrased the USA - Big push for more SCIENCE & MATH education in High School * NASA was started * COLD WAR America first to the MOON in 1969.

21. 73 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT of 1964 * PROHIBITED Discrimination/Segregation in PUBLIC FACILITIES. (Federal, State, City jobs...like schools) * Could not be denied a job based on SEX\RELIGION\RACE * Schools were ordered INTEGRATED * LEGAL Consequences for job-related discrimination * Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson - From TEXAS

22. 73 Civil Rights ACT of 1964 Passed by Lyndon Johnson, who followed Kennedy’s political agenda after he was assassinated in November 1963 The March on Washington in 1963 aided passage of the Act The Act strengthened voting rights protection Prohibited discrimination in places of public accommodations(stores, restaurants, hotels, libraries, swimming pools, movie theaters, schools), etc. Required the federal government to withdraw support (money) from any state or program that discriminated…..so schools were fully integrated Established the Equal Employment Commissionto watch hiring practices

23. MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT 74 The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protestcampaign started in 1955. Oppose the city's policyofracial segregationon its public transit system. (buses) Lasted one year – Led by MLK Jr.& Rosa Parks. Supreme Court ruled segregated buses unconstitutional. Did not ride the buses for one YEAR 1955-1956 OBTAIN = rights for African - Americans

24. 75 Counterculture Members of the 1960s called Hippies, rebelled against “the establishment”. Hippies grew their hair long, took drugs, and advocated free love. They opposed racism and the Vietnam War. In short, they lived lives in opposition to what they considered an oppressive mainstream culture. 76 Executive Order 9881 Issued by President Harry S Truman. It ordered desegregation of the ARMED FORCES. This is after WORLD WAR II and before the KOREAN WAR.