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CO 47

CO 47. Communities. Concept of the Community Community = assemblage of populations interacting with one another Example: squirrel, moose, bear, fox, wolf, pine tree, termites, bacteria.... etc Videos:   Monkey vs Tiger   | Cobra vs Mongoose |.

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CO 47

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  1. CO 47 Communities

  2. Concept of the Community Community = assemblage of populations interacting with one another Example: squirrel, moose, bear, fox, wolf, pine tree, termites, bacteria....etc Videos:  Monkey vs Tiger  | Cobra vs Mongoose|

  3. interspecific interactionsW/ a partner, think of an ex of each and label +’s & -’s • Examples: • Competition • Predation • Herbivory • Symbiosis: • parasitism • mutualism • Commensalism • effects can be summarized as positive (), negative (−), or no effect (0)

  4. Structure of the Community Habitat = particular place an organism lives Ecological Niche: the role it plays in the community or the specific set of biotic and abiotic resources used by an organism Fundamental Niche - niche potentially occupied by that species Realized niche - niche actually occupied by that species due to competition

  5. Niche – each member of this community gathers food in a unique way

  6. Interspecific Competition: competition between different species (-,-) Competitive Exclusion Principle - no two species can occupy the same niche Graph illustrates what happens when you grow two different species of protists separately and in the same container (where competition can occur). Summarize the results. Virtual LabPopulationBiology

  7. Competition Resource Partitioning - species with niche overlap, share/partition resources (see balanus)

  8. Figure 41.3 Experiment Realized vs Fundamental Niche High tide Chthamalus Balanus Chthamalus realized niche What happened when removed Balanus? Balanus realized niche Ocean Low tide Results High tide Chthamalus fundamental niche Ocean Low tide

  9. Figure 41.4 G. fortis G. fuliginosa Competition can lead to character displacement Beak depth Los Hermanos 60 40 G. fuliginosa, allopatric 20 0 Daphne 60 40 Percentages of individuals in each size class G. fortis, allopatric 20 0 Sympatric populations Santa María, San Cristóbal 60 40 20 0 16 8 10 12 14 Beak depth (mm)

  10. Predation (/− interaction) one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey Predator Adaptations: Teeth Claws Vision Speed ( Strength Camouflage Working together Sea Lion vs Whale Chimps http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1WBs74W4ik

  11. Prey Defenses hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, active self-defense, Camouflage (cryptic coloration) - blending in

  12. Figure 41.5 (b) Aposematic coloration (a) Cryptic coloration Canyon tree frog Poison dart frog (c) Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one. Nonvenomous hawkmoth larva (d) Müllerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species mimic each other. Venomous green parrot snake Cuckoo bee Yellow jacket

  13. Individual Defenses Startle Behavior (blowfish)Anatomical defense (porcupine)Chemical defense (skunk)

  14. Predator Prey Interactions - communities follow this pattern. Prey species increase in number, followed by predator species. Then Prey species decline, followed by predator species decline. The cycle repeats.

  15. a the Lynx and the Hare

  16. Can your friends help? Pack Behavior Herding Behavior (zebra) Schooling fish Swarming insects

  17. Herbivory(/− interaction) an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga Herbivores have specialized teeth or digestive systems Plant defenses include chemical toxins and protective structures

  18. Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis - intimate relationship between two or more species Parasitism - one individual is harmed, the other benefits (ticks & deer) Mutualism - both benefit (flowers & honeybees) Commensalism - one benefits, other is neither harmed or benefited (clown fish & sea anemone)

  19. Parasitism one individual is harmed, the other benefits Does the parasite kill the host? Ex: ticks & deer

  20. Mutualism both benefit (flowers & honeybees Figure 41.7 Lichen Ants & Acacia tree (b) Area cleared by ants around an acacia tree (a) Ants (genus Pseudomyrmex) in acacia tree

  21. Commensalism ( one benefits, other is neither harmed nor helped (clown fish & sea anemone)

  22. commensalism Figure 41.8 cattle egrets and African buffalo

  23. Table 47.1

  24. Write down what relationships you see SymbioticRelationships https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcQ5_zaJob0

  25. Community Development Ecological Succession - involves a series of species replacements Primary Succession - occurs where there is no soil formation (volcanic island) Secondary Succession - occurs after an area is disturbed (prairie fire) Pioneer Species - first species to inhabit an area Climax Community - when the species replacement slows and the ecosystem stabilizes

  26. Figure 47.18cde

  27. Worksheet:  Succession

  28. Community Biodiversity Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis - moderate disturbances in an ecosystem are necessary to maintain biodiversity Keystone Species - needed to maintain biodiversity (often top predators) Ex: Kelp, Sea otters, Sea urchins, Abalone - what happens when you remove the otters

  29.  KEYSTONE SPECIES:  SEA OTTERSea otters eat sea urchinsSea urchins eat kelpWhat happens when you remove the otters? Case Studies in Keystone Species

  30. Carnivorous starfish Pisaster ochracceus, played a key role in maintaining the balance of all other species in the community. Paine observed that if Pisaster ochracceus was removed from the community, the populations of two mussel species within the community grew unchecked. Without a predator to control their numbers, the mussels soon took over the community and crowded out other species, greatly reduced the community's diversity.

  31. Four Major Threats to Biodiversity 1. Habitat Destruction 2. Introduced Species aka: invasive, non-native, exotic species 3. Overexploitation 4. Disruption of Interaction Networks ex. sea otters and bats

  32. Invasive and Parasitic Species1 The interesting cases of: 1.  Cuckoo and Cowbirds2.  Kudzu 3.  Asian Carp 4.  Snakehead catfish 5.  Cane Toads 6. Zebra mussels *Each of these have a negative impact on the environment. http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/

  33. Parasitic Bird? Cowbirds (and cuckoos) lay their eggs in other bird’s nests.

  34. Kudzu Invasive Species (exotics)

  35. Asian Carp in the Mississippi (Video) The problem being addressed is that the Asian Carp have started to take over the rivers and subsidiaries of our nations waterways.  The Carp are voracious feeders that feed mostly on plankton.  The problem with this is that the young offspring of the fish native to the rivers also feed on mostly plankton.  If the carp are eating most of the plankton then it leaves very little for the offspring of native fish to feed on and they basically die of starvation.  This means the carp are threatening the entire ecosystem of the riverways. Source:  http://asiancarp.net/dasblog/2009/1 /23/TheProblem.aspx

  36. Snakehead Catfish

  37. Zebra Mussels in the Great Lakes

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