CP551 Sustainable Development

1. CP551 Sustainable Development “To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a limited world, you must be crazy, or, an economist.” - Kenneth Boulding

2. Module 7: Industrial and Service Sectors and their impact on Sustainable Development.

3. What is it?

4. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste material Unlimited

5. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Impact of automation? Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste material Unlimited

6. Automation reduces labour and labour cost. It increases capital investment which is required for automation. Automated industry requires more energy, so automation increases energy consumption. It increases labour productivity, because of the reduced labour and increased speed of production. Increased labour productivity encourages to increase raw material consumption and production, which tend to increase waste production and environmental degradation.

7. An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (1) Blast hole drilled, explosives planted Coal deposits (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm

8. An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (2) Blast hole fractures overburden Overburden: Foliage, top soil, rocks (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm

9. An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (3) Overburden Removed by dragline excavator Overburden: Foliage, top soil, rocks (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm

10. Dragline excavator Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html

11. An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (4) Overburden Dumped into valley Overburden: Foliage, top soil, rocks (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm

12. An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal (5) Coal removed Overburden: Foliage, top soil, rocks (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm

13. An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal Let us discuss the sustainability issues in strip mining for coal Cross-section of typical mountain and valley in Kentucky Valley filled with spoil Nine men – that is all it takes to bring this mountain low Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm

17. 300,000 acres of hardwood forest in West Virginia have been destroyed by mountaintop removal practiced in strip mining. 75% of West Virginia's streams and rivers are polluted by mining and other industries. Over 1000 miles of streams have been buried by strip mine waste in Appalachian Mountains that run through 13 states. Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html

18. An example from the present (and future): Mining for phosphate Open-pit phosphate mined in Idaho Citizen trying to protect the Horse Creek in Florida from phosphate mining Is there a sustainability issue here? Source: www.organicfamilymagazine.com/Phosphate.html

19. An example from the present (and future): Forest industry waste These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high. ‘most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’ What could be done to make it a sustainable industry?

20. An example from the present (and future): Factory waste More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Is there a sustainability issue here? Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/

21. An example from the past: Factory waste Anglian Water, one of the UK's biggest water companies, has been fined £200,000 for polluting River Crouch with raw sewage after Roy Hart, an Essex fisherman, took out a private prosecution. Court also ordered Anglian Water to pay Roy Hart £9,500 to cover his legal costs. Source: news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/1875563.stm

22. Ecocides of Manmade origin: • Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.) • Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming and climate change and the consequences • Depletion of the ozone layer • Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicals like DDT and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) poisoning the web of life • Loss of clean air • Genetically modified (GM) food

23. A cartoonist’s view of life on earth with such ecosystem destroying industries Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/pollute.asp

24. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste Unlimited

25. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry End-of pipe treatment Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste Unlimited

26. Nuclear industry waste Los Alamos National Laboratory has disposed of about 13.5 million ft3 of radioactive and chemical solid wastes in ‘Material Disposal Area G’ since 1943. Source: www.lasg.org/waste/area-g.htm Corroding nuclear waste drums on seabed in UK territorial waters dumped between 1950 and 1963. Source: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1766365.stm

27. Computer industry waste Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/ close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com

28. A cartoonist’s view of civilized life on earth Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/d/dumping_ground.asp

29. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste Unlimited

30. Let’s take a look at how Nature produces and what Nature does with its waste. “Biomimicry”

31. Example: Forest ecosystem Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html

32. Example: Forest ecosystem Closed cycle and nothing is wasted Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html

33. Example: Forest ecosystem eating bio products People open the, otherwise, closed cycle Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html

34. Another example: Fresh water ecosystem People open the, otherwise, closed cycle Source: www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Ecosystem.html

35. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Products No Environmental degradation Unlimited No Waste Unlimited

36. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Zero effluent solution Products Recycle No Environmental degradation No Waste

37. Raw material (only to start) Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Products R No Environmental degradation No Waste R stands for recycle

38. Raw material (only to start) Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Industrial Ecology Products R No Environmental degradation No Waste R stands for recycle

39. Industrial Ecology: • No waste • Energy efficiently utilized • No materials beyond those required to start the system • Complete recycling within the system Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999

40. Industrial Ecology: "One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is that, like the biological system, it rejects the concept of waste." Source: T. Graedel and B. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, 1995

41. Industrial Ecology: Let us take a look at a functional industrial ecosystem

42. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Sugar refinery Sugar cane Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

43. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Molasses Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

44. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Alcohol residue Molasses Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

45. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

46. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

47. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor NaOH recovery NaOH Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

48. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge NaOH recovery NaOH Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

49. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Cement mill Sugar refinery Filter sludge Cement Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge NaOH recovery NaOH Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.

50. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Sugar cane farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Cement mill Sugar refinery Filter sludge Cement Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge NaOH recovery NaOH Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.