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Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings in Buildings

This presentation explores the concept of efficient design for indoor comfort and energy savings in buildings. It discusses topics such as bioclimatic design and architecture, sustainable development, and the use of innovative technologies. Case studies and examples are presented to highlight the importance of energy efficiency in building design.

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Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings in Buildings

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  1. ISTITUTO EUROPEO DESIGN Dr. Alfio Galatà Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Saving Performances in Buildings Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 1

  2. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings General Overview BMS: Building Management System Case Study: Daylight (thermal & visual) control Installation: Facade Management System Conclusion Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 2

  3. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Sustainable Development is a broad view of human welfare, with a long term perspective about the consequences of today's activities, and a global co-operation to reach viable solutions without diminishing the capacity of future generations to meet theirs needs. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 3

  4. Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national economy. Promotion of sustainable forms in view of climate change considerations. Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce gas emissions(i.e production, transport and distribution of energy). Research, promotion, development and increased use of new and renewable forms of energy and innovative environmentally technologies. Worldwide Cooperation among Countries to enhance the individual and combined effectiveness of national policies and measures adopted. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Kyoto Protocol Agreement for gas emission limitation and reduction commitments to promote sustainable development, implementing new policies and measures, such as: Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 4

  5. Information Technology Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Energy Efficient Systems Resource Conservation Innovative technologies and materials respectful of the environment Optimisation of the management processes Design anticipating future needs Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Sustainable Development Contribution is a common care for everybody to improve the quality of the life Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 5

  6. Automation Processes Telecommunications Web Applications Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Information Technology Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 6

  7. Design with local climate conditions, not without Building Construction according to environmental rules Energy Saving Best comfort conditions for occupants Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 7

  8. Dynamic space allocation and occupant’s behaviour Microelectronic systems, with a direct impact on spaces reduction Distributed systems and distributed control functions Definition of Chart of Services, management costs and return of investments Showing new solutions for future Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Innovative Technologies and Optimal Management techniques Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 8

  9. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Climate conditions of the Site. Typically, the Bioclimatic Design and Architecture has to take into account the following physical variables: • External Temperature • Relative Humidity • Solar Radiation • Wind velocity and direction • Rain Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 9

  10. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture MAIN ASPECTS: • Building envelope and orientation • Surface and position of windows • Building envelope opaque components • Characteristics of glasses • Control of Solar Radiation to avoid overheating in summer • Natural Ventilation • Environment in the surrounding • Passive Component Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 10

  11. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Building envelope and orientation: impact on thermal exchanges with external environment. Solar Radiation in summer/winter incident on the envelope as a function of the building orientation. Shapes facing East and West must be avoided. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 11

  12. N Orientamento 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 519 509 484 460 450 455 471 Winter (MJ/gg) ( -2%) ( -7%) ( -11%) ( -13%) ( -12%) ( -9%) 657 716 844 976 1086 1165 1193 Summer (MJ/gg) (+ 9%) (+ 28%) (+ 48%) (+ 65%) (+ 77%) (+ 81%) Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Solar Radiation flowing through the glazing in summer/winter as a function of building orientation Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 12

  13. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Thermal insulation allows to cut off overheating in summer introducing a better indoor comfort conditions and energy savings. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 13

  14. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture THERMAL INSULATION Es:Wall made by double tiles with air gap (steady-state). without insulation: K = 1,06 W/m²K With insulation (3 cm of poliuretane): K = 0.53 W/m²K ADVANTAGES • Reduction of heat losses determines a consequent reduction on heating/cooling/ventilation energy consumption. • Reduction of heat load means a reduction on the HVAC design and performances. • Increase of the wall surface temperature determines a consequent improvement of indoor comfort • Avoid risks of surface heat condense on the wall Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 14

  15. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Thermal insulation is important to avoid thermal bridges. Thermal Bridges Disadvantage • Cold surfaces in winter. • Humid surfaces and mildew. • Spot of colour and degradation of inside/outside finishes. • Increase of heating, cooling and ventilation heating consumption. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 15

  16. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Windows and glazing: The main characteristics for indoor comfort and energy savings are: transparency, solar factor and thermal transmittance. Windows and glazing must have a good transparency, a low thermal transmittance and must allow a solar control. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 16

  17. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Solar Shadings avoid overheating and are suitable to improve thermal and visual comfort conditions. Possible typologies: • Fixed, usually adopted in facades south oriented. • Mobile, usually adopted to perform the automatic control of vertical position and blind orientation. • Internal, often submitted to manual control • External, have an high level of efficiency concerning solar control respect to those internal. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 17

  18. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Efficiency of horizontal Solar Shadings on the south facade. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 18

  19. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture Solar Houses The Trombe Wall Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 19

  20. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture The Natural Ventilation is the most applied technique in order to obtain passive cooling. It allows: • To reduce indoor air temperature when it is higher than the external one, and to cool the overall building during the night hours. • To improve indoor thermal comfort. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 20

  21. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Bioclimatic Design and Architecture SOLAR SYSTEMS: they convert solar energy into thermal or electrical energy. Main barrier: architecture integration in order to obtain the best efficiency. Photovoltaic Collectors Solar Collectors Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 21

  22. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings General Overview BMS: Building Management System Case Study: Daylight (thermal & visual) control Installation: Facade Management System Conclusion Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 22

  23. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Recent developments in computer technologies and advanced building design on: • living spaces • technological plants • services • office automation are merging together to offer an optimal control and optimal management of the indoor comfort and energy functions. The main goal nowadays is to dynamically co-ordinate the changing needs, to solve all the mutual interactions of the different building functions: • lighting(artificial and natural) • heatingandcooling • indoor air qualityandventilation Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 23

  24. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System The modern concept considers a building as a WHOLE where energy plants are integrated with envelope components and human presence by means of reliable and low-cost control components, to achieve: • efficiency, through acontinue co-ordination of physical plants with constantly changing needs. • larger energy saving, by increasing efficiency through a dynamic closed-loop control. • higher indoor comfort,by combining the control actions with the human presence and user’s wishes. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 24

  25. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Advanced installation of: • design, manufacture, engineering, installation, commissioning and maintenance processes should be contemporary treated together with: • climate, building envelope, use of spaces, user’s wishes and behaviour, control functions, management methods and national regulations. The combination of energy efficiency and individual optimal comfort is performed by evaluating physical variablestogether withindividual human requirements. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 25

  26. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Ventilation Indoor Air Quality Heating / Cooling Indoor Temperature Blind Indoor Light Properties Shutter Lighting Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 26

  27. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System THE INTEGRATED CONCEPT Information and Communication technologies Energy Management & Indoor Comfort Safety, Security and Maintenance Environment and Climate Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 27

  28. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System The typical main components of a BMS CONTROL SYSTEM are: • physical devices (hardware), i.e. sensors, actuators, regulators, switches, electronic valves, which allow to detect physiacal information and to perform individual control actions; • algorithms (functions performed by software), which allow to perform simple or complex actions to operate the technological plants in order to apply the programmed rules; • field devices and services achieved by engineering. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 28

  29. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System • field level • automation or control level • management level Remote monitoring is utilized when supervised systems are geographically scattered. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 29

  30. A computer-based system (Hardware and Software) enables the automation of all technological installation within the building BMS Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Supervisor system Firmware (control & communication) Software Software protocols (LON, BacNet,..) Hardware Hardware Modules Sensors Actuators Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 30

  31. A computer-based system (Hardware and Software) enables the automation of all technological installation within the building Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Supervision system Firmware (control & communication) Software BMS protocols (LON, BacNet,..) Hardware Modules Sensors Actuators • each module is firmware embedded, i.e. each module performs its task(s) in autonomous and independent way. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 31

  32. A computer-based system (Hardware and Software) enables the automation of all technological installation within the building Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Supervision system Firmware (control & communication) Software BMS protocols (LON, BacNet,..) Hardware Modules Sensors Actuators • each module is firmware embedded, i.e. each module performs its task(s) in autonomous and independent way • supervision system receives/send data from/to all hardware devices Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 32

  33. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Local Control Energy Management Alarm Management Data Storing & Processing Remote Control (Supervisor) Structure & Components Software Software BMS protocols (LON, BacNet,..) Hardware Hardware I/O Control Modules Sensors / Actuators Operation Capability and Data Processing available to Operators, according to their own access level authorization. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 33

  34. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System • Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms) • General Control Functions • Scheduled start/stop control • Optimum start/stop controls • Summer/winter change-over • Discriminator control • Control of electrical equipment • Duty cycling • Load shedding • Electric equipment restart Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 34

  35. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System • Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms) • Control of air-conditioning • Outdoor air damper control during warm-up/cool-down period • Unoccupied temperature setback • Dry bulb economizer control • Enthalpy economizer control • Supply air fan control for VAV systems • Building pressure control for VAV system • VAV terminal unit control • Coil freeze protection • Heat recovery bypass Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 35

  36. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System • Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms) • Heating/Cooling Control • Heating/Cooling plant control • Space heating water circuit control • Steam to hot water convector control • Tube radiation control • Room temperature closed loop control • Open loop control of heating/cooling control systems • Open loop control in combination with the thermostatic valve control Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 36

  37. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms) • Lighting Control • On/Off • Occupancy • Tuning • Combined control of artificial and daylight • Demand limiting • Adaptation and compensation Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 37

  38. BMS Use of technology and process to create a building that is safer and more productive for its occupants and more operationally efficient for its owners BMS technology Data processing and communication technology Communication protocols Software procedures installed into the devices to exchange data Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 38

  39. Integration of all technological plants working within the building in a unique automation system BMS Elevators Blinds Lighting Sensors Access HVAC Fire alarms Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System • Fire and safety systems • HVAC • Elevators and escalators • Access control systems • Lighting management • Communication available to occupants / tenants Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 39

  40. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Management Level (Supervisor) Interface in a whole: I/O devices, local controllers and communication modules connected to a control network. Remote Controlof Technological Plants Facilities for Maintenance Measurement, Alarms, Events, Diagnostic Data Acquisition Facilities for Data Storing Configuration, Data-Base High Quality Data Sets Facilities for Data Elaboration Graphical display, Trends, Reports, Print-outputs Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 40

  41. Hierarchical control systemVSDistributed control System Server Sensor Actuator Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System • Cabling management system no longer assessable. • High co-ordination effort. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 41

  42. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Hierarchical control systemVSDistributed control System Control module Sensor Actuators • “Talk and work” ability: Sensor and actuators exchange information directly with each other. • No need of “Central Controller”. • Minimal cabling. • Flexibility for alterations and expansion. • Low cost maintenance. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 42

  43. Increase Decrease Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Building Management System Main Characteristics • Economy of maintenance and running costs (heating, lighting, ventilation, electricity, easy way to detect the damage and repair it, etc…) • Decreased Energy cost • Increased level of comfort and time savings • Increased individual environmental control • Safety and control levels are increased Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 43

  44. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings General Overview BMS: Building Management System Case Study: Daylight (thermal & visual) control Installation: Facade Management System Conclusion Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 44

  45. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a Blind Controller. • A blind controller must conform with to two building characteristics: • heating/cooling --> thermal inertia and climate conditions • visual comfort --> no inertia, immediate control • Use appropriate algorithms for controlling blind position by the: • control of passive solar gains, depending on the season • control of visual comfort, depending on the user's presence • The long term aspect is taken into account by considering the season. • Possible situations: • heating/cooling energy optimum (when user is not present in the room) • visual comfort optimum (user is present in the room) • user's wishes have always the priority Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 45

  46. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a Blind Controller. Objective: • avoid glare • allow as much daylight as possible • keep blind movements minimum: to reduce the unexpected movements, the blind moves if there is a significant difference between the set-point and the actual position. Principles: • when the user is present, the position is determined by the visual comfort rule base • when the user is not present, the position is determined by the heating / cooling rule base • the user has always the highest priority for setting the blind position. Algorithm: • if clear sky, consider a possible reduction of setpoint value (in function of outside illuminance level and incidence angle), in order to take into account glare risk; if only diffuse, no reduction • depending on the season, allow a further adaptation of setpoint (increase in winter, reduction in summer) • adjust the blind position through a feedback-controlled loop Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 46

  47. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a Blind Controller. Thermal rule base concept: user is not present • Artificial lighting: off • Try to help the heating / cooling system by choosing the best possible blind position Ps = [Gv • g • a] + [Gv • g • ga • (1 - a)] – [k" • (Ti - Te)] a = blind position (a = 0: blind closed; a = 1: blind open) Window and blind power balance Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 47

  48. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a Blind Controller. Blind rule base control: user is present Rules: • When the user enters the room, the controller switches in the visual optimisation mode. • Artificial lighting and blinds are both controlled automatically. • If there are several blinds, each one has, at the beginning, the same control algorithm. They are differentiated by the adaptation to the user. • The user has always the possibility to override the automatic control system. • Thermal aspects are considered during visual optimisation. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 48

  49. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Lighting control: Case Study - an integrated concept for a Blind Controller Artificial Lighting rule base • If user is not present, the artificial lighting system is switched off (after a determined time delay). • If user is present, the visual comfort rule base delivers a Boolean signal (artificial lighting needed / not needed) • When artificial lighting is needed, the illuminance level provided by the luminaries must complement the daylight: Ea = Eset - En with: Eset = illuminance set-point (including all the adaptations) En = illuminance level provided by the daylight (with actual blind position) Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 49

  50. Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings Lighting control: Case Study - an integrated concept for a Blind Controller (1) Energy efficiency and saving: • measurements and simulations on one full year (at least one full season) • comparative measurements on occupied real buildings (2 similar rooms, regular interchange to cancel the bias due to different user's behaviour) (2) Comfort: • for long term comfort statistics, one full year simulation and/or experiment on real buildings • comfort has to be evaluated together with the energy saving, for the same periods, using analytical expressions. Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 50

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