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Geostationary lightning monitoring with the Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager (MTG LI)

Geostationary lightning monitoring with the Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager (MTG LI). Jochen Grandell Convection Working Group Meeting 27 – 30 March 2012, Prague. EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic. Topics of Presentation.

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Geostationary lightning monitoring with the Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager (MTG LI)

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  1. Geostationary lightning monitoring with the Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager (MTG LI) Jochen Grandell Convection Working Group Meeting 27 – 30 March 2012, Prague EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  2. Topics of Presentation • Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO observations • EUMETSAT Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) – Lightning Imager • Concept • Product processing • Challenges • User Readiness • Summary EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  3. Topics of Presentation • Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO observations • EUMETSAT Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) – Lightning Imager • Concept • Product processing • Challenges • User Readiness • Summary EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  4. Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO Feasibility of lightning detection from space by optical sensors has been proven by NASA instruments since 1995 on low earth orbits (LEO) OTD (1995-2000) Results from LIS/OTD: Global lightning distribution Annual flash density LIS (1997-present)

  5. Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO GEO lightning missions in preparation by several agencies (in USA, Europe, China) for this decade... ...all of these are building on LIS/OTD heritage Geostationary Lightning Imager (GLI) on FY-4 (China) Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) on GOES-R (USA) Lightning Imager (LI) on MTG (Europe) 2015  2018  2014 ? EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  6. The MTG Lightning Imager (LI) The LI on MTG measures Total Lightning: Cloud-to-Cloud Lightning (IC) and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning (CG) Main benefit from GEO observations: homogeneous and continuous observations delivering information on location and strength of lightning flashes to the users with a timeliness of 30 seconds • Main objectives are to detect, monitor, and extrapolate in time: • Development (Intensity/Movement) of active convective areas • Monitoring of storm lifecycle • Lightning climatology & Chemistry (NOx production) GEO observation of lightning is complementary to ground-based networks, some of which are for local applications very good LIS/OTD flash density in the MTG LI field of view

  7. ...Air Traffic is one area of application, and not just around major airports...

  8. Topics of Presentation • Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO observations • EUMETSAT Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) – Lightning Imager • Concept • Product processing • Challenges • User Readiness • Summary EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  9. Detection of a Lightning Optical Signal • Lightning with a background signal changing with time: • Lightning on top of a bright background is not recognised by its bright radiance, but by its transient short pulse character • For detection of lightning, a variable adapting threshold has to be used for each pixel which takes into account the change in the background radiance • (in LIS: background calculated as a moving average) Radiation energy Background Lightning signal Night Day Time EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  10. From a Lightning Optical Signal to MTG LI Events From a Lightning Optical Signal to MTG LI Events • Detection of events in a nutshell: • Output (=events) of the Lightning Imager at L0 is two-fold: Event detection Background scene tracking and removal Thresholding • False event filtering needed in L0-L1 processing • True lightning events (triggered by a lightning optical signal) • False events (not related to lightning) EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  11. Spatial Pattern of Lightning from Space • Characteristics: • Size scales with cloud thickness above source • Mean area of lightning pulses corresponds well to a 10 km x 10 km footprint “MTG LI Events” • Background scene tracking and removal • Thresholding • Event detection etc... Optical pattern of lightning on cloud surface (observed from space shuttle) Possible schema of detected lightning pulses EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  12. Topics of Presentation • Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO observations • EUMETSAT Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) – Lightning Imager • Concept • Product processing • Challenges • User Readiness • Summary EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  13. MTG LI Product Processing – L1b and L2 products Product processing in a nutshell Example L2 Sequence: • The following products are resulting from the L1b processing: • Events with geolocation, UTC time stamp and calibrated radiance • background images, mainly supporting navigation • The baseline L2 product, which is a result of clustering of events in time and space, consists of: • Groups (representing lightning strokes) • Flashes(1st priority for many users) “Events” “Groups” “Flashes” EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  14. From events/groups/flashes towards DENSITY (1) • For a quick-look, a forecaster or other operational user might prefer a density product. • Can be based on: • Events • groups • flashes • ...and with a variety of temporal windows Events density simulation based on converted LINET data from 2 July 2009 (15 minutes density) EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  15. From events/groups/flashes towards DENSITY (2) Animation of EVENT DENSITY simulation - Based on converted LINET data from 2 July 2009 (15 minutes density)

  16. Topics of Presentation • Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO observations • EUMETSAT Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) – Lightning Imager • Concept • Product processing • Challenges • User Readiness • Summary EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  17. Challenge for processing: “False Events” • Specific filters are required for each case: • False events are typically caused by: • High energy particle collisions • Noise (instrument, spacecraft etc) • Solar glint • Spacecraft motion (“jitter”)  Radiation filter  Shot noise/coherency filter  Solar glint filter • Contrast filter Rough order of severity (based on GLM analysis): Spacecraft motion, Photon/electronics noise, Solar glint, Radiation EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  18. Topics of Presentation • Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO observations • EUMETSAT Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) – Lightning Imager • Concept • Product processing • Challenges • User Readiness • Summary EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  19. User Readiness (1) • User readiness, as discussed here is to be understood as activities similar to what NOAA is attempting with the "GOES-R Proving Ground" framework of activities. • Within this framework, an approach of creating "pseudo-GLM" data based on averaging and resamplingground-based Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) lightning density data has been developed: • http://www.goes-r.gov/users/pg-activities.html • This “pseudo-GLM” data has been provided to forecasters in real-time along with other data to support their daily work. EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  20. User Readiness (2) • The idea is to make the forecaster end-user aware, and used to, the kind of product that would be available from the GLM. • This is not perfect proxy data: It merely gives an "impression" of how the real GLM product could look like. • EUMETSAT is planning a similar activity by using the existing proxy data methodologywith the ground-based LINET data in Europe • A near-real time application of the proxy data will be needed • Data to be disseminated to selected Meteorological Services for evaluation and feedback EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  21. Topics of Presentation • Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO observations • EUMETSAT Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) – Lightning Imager • Concept • Product processing • Challenges • User Readiness • Summary EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  22. Summary • One of the new instruments on the Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) is the Lightning Imager (LI), • geostationary services from 2017 onwards • continuous lightning observation (CG+CC) over almost the full disk (at 0 deg). • Algorithm and processor development for baseline L2 products (event/group/flash –tree) currently ongoing • Supported by a MTG Lightning Imager Science Team (LIST) set up in 2009 • Interacting with potential users (such as CWG) an important topic in coming years EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  23. The MTG LI Science Team currently consists of the following members: N.N. (MetOffice– UK) Daniele Biron (USAM – Italy) Eric Defer (LERMA – France) Ullrich Finke (U. Hannover – Germany) Hartmut Höller (DLR – Germany) Philippe Lopez (ECMWF) Douglas Mach (NASA – USA) Antti Mäkelä (FMI – Finland) Serge Soula (Laboratoired'Aerologie– France) MTG Lightning Imager Science Team (LIST) EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  24. Thank you! EUM/MTG/VWG/12/0278 March 2012 Prague, Czech Republic

  25. FER = 200 000 /s FER = 30 000 /s FER = 1 000 /s How noise looks like on a 0.5s period All noise events in 500 milliseconds! FER = 300 000 /s FER = 40 000 /s FER = 5 000 /s FER = 400 000 /s FER = 10 000 /s FER = 100 000 /s

  26. Background radiance: Solar reflection on clouds and ground surfaces • Background radiation from clouds determines the signal to noise ratio for detection of transient lightning signals • Challenges: • Day-night contrast in FOV • Microvibrations (fast changing background) • Sun glint 0 UTC 12 UTC 22 UTC

  27. Background radiance: Solar reflection on clouds and ground surfaces • Background radiation from clouds determines the signal to noise ratio for detection of transient lightning signals • Challenges: • Day-night contrast in FOV • Microvibrations (fast changing background) • Sun glint 0 UTC 12 UTC 22 UTC

  28. Background radiance: Solar reflection on clouds and ground surfaces • Background radiation from clouds determines the signal to noise ratio for detection of transient lightning signals • Challenges: • Day-night contrast in FOV • Microvibrations (fast changing background) • Sun glint 0 UTC 12 UTC 22 UTC

  29. Background radiance: Solar reflection on clouds and ground surfaces • Background radiation from clouds determines the signal to noise ratio for detection of transient lightning signals • Challenges: • Day-night contrast in FOV • Microvibrations (fast changing background) • Sun glint 0 UTC 12 UTC 22 UTC

  30. Background radiance: Solar reflection on clouds and ground surfaces • Background radiation from clouds determines the signal to noise ratio for detection of transient lightning signals • Challenges: • Day-night contrast in FOV • Microvibrations (fast changing background) • Sun glint 0 UTC 12 UTC 22 UTC

  31. Background radiance: Solar reflection on clouds and ground surfaces • Background radiation from clouds determines the signal to noise ratio for detection of transient lightning signals • Challenges: • Day-night contrast in FOV • Microvibrations (fast changing background) • Sun glint 0 UTC 12 UTC 22 UTC

  32. Effect of Microvibrations (“jitter”) on Lightning Detection Assuming that this is what the Lightning Imager is looking at... Background energy Cloud Distance Darker (ocean) background Cloud Darker (ocean) background

  33. Effect of Microvibrations (“jitter”)on Lightning Detection What if the instrument (satellite) moves slightly between integration frames...? Background removal (Frame #2 – Frame #1) Background energy But this is not lightning! Frame #1 Cloud Frame #2 Distance Distance Darker (ocean) background

  34. Meteosat Third Generation (MTG): Continuity and Evolution of EUMETSAT Services 2002 1977 2017 and 2019 MOP/MTP MSG MSG MOP/MTP MTG-I and MTG-S • Observation missions: • - Flex.Comb. Imager: 16 channels • - Infra-Red Sounder • Lightning Imager • UVN • 3-axis stabilised satellites • Twin Sat configuration • Class 2,5 - 3 ton • Observation missions: • - SEVIRI: 12 channels • GERB • Spinning satellite • Class 2-ton • Observation mission: • MVIRI: 3channels • Spinning satellite • Class 800 kg Implementation of the EUMETSAT Mandate for the Geostationary Programme Atmospheric Chemistry Mission (UVN-S4): via GMES Sentinel 4

  35. MTG in Orbit Deployment Scenario MSG-4 MTG-I1 Dec. 2016 MTG-I2 Dec. 2022 MTG-I3 Jan. 2025 MTG-I4 Dec. 2029 2017 – 2038: 20 years of Operational Service – Imaging Missions MTG-S1 June 2018 MTG-S2 June 2026 2019 – 2035: 15.5 years of Operational Service – Sounding Mission

  36. MTG Lightning Imager Science Team (LIST) • EUMETSAT has identified the need to establish a scientific baseline for the operational processor of the MTG mission. • In support of these scientific developments, a science team has been established – MTG LI Science Team (LIST). • The main objectives of the team is to: • Assist EUMETSAT with the implementation of the MTG LI L2 scientific baseline processor. • Prepare an Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD). It includes also a description of the proxy dataset, to be used for algorithm development and processor development. • The ATBD will be subject for review at the Preliminary Design Review (PDR) concluding the MTG system Phase B activities

  37. EUMETSAT, MTG LI and LINET • EUMETSAT has now several years of experience in cooperating with Nowcast and DLR in using LINET data: • Especially in developing proxy data... • ...Latest activity has been in contributing to the CHUVA campaign in Brazil with the mobile LINET unit (DLR), which should after evaluation of the joint measurements with LMA and LIS allow a further enhancement of the proxy data • Based on these experiences, it looks like LINET data could play an important role in “user readiness” activities as well as validation/monitoring of the operational product(s) from the MTG LI

  38. MTG LI – Main Mission Requirements • Wavelength • 777.4 nm • Sensitivity • pulses as small as 100 km2 with energies down to 4 µJ/(m2sr) should be detected • Spatial sampling • Less or equal to 10 km at 45oN for the sub-satellite longitude • Detection Efficiency • 70% in average, 90% over central Europe, 40% as a minimum over EUMETSAT member states • False Alarm Rate • 2.5 false flashes/s • Background images • every 60 seconds

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