Results of World War I

1. Results of World War I European agreements and world wide effects

2. WWI Causes spark Western Front events Eastern Front events world wide results East Asia: China Japan Europe Africa India Ottoman Empire/ Middle East

3. Treaty of Versailles A Peace of Justice vs. a Peace of Vengeance? The American President Woodrow Wilson’s goals for peace were expressed as his Fourteen Points including: • A just peace • Self-determination of nations • A League of Nations

4. Who attended? And Who did not? • The Big Four • Britain: Prime Minister Davis Lloyd George • France: Premier George Clemenceau • Italy: Premier Vittorio Orlando • U. S.: President Woodrow Wilson • Russia was not allowed • to attend. Were the French allowed to attend the Congress of Vienna following the Napoleonic Wars?

5. Provisions of the Treaty • German War Guilt • Reparations = $5 billion in two years by 1921 the total was set at $ 33 billion • Germany to abolish conscription, to have no reserve forces, and forbidden to manufacture major military equipment • All German colonies became mandates of Britain, Japan, Australia, N.Z., and the League of Nations

6. What is a Mandate?? A territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the care of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves

7. Provisions regarding France and its future security • Return of Alsace-Lorraine • demilitarization of Germany’s Rhineland territory with Allied occupation

9. Self-Determination in former Russian and German lands Poland to be re-established with a “corridor” to the Baltic Sea The city of Danzig (Gdansk )to be “internationalized”

10. League of Nations Wilson’s goal of an organization for collective security is realized. The United States Senate will NOT ratify the treaty and will NEVER join the League of Nations. The United States Congress rejected the Treaty of Versailles mostly because they did not want the U.S. to join. The U.S. never joined. Russia was not invited, but joined in 1935. Japan joined but withdrew after 1931.

12. Additional Post-War Treaty Agreements • Austria lost Tyrol to Italy and • Hungary became independent • Austria and Germany are to • never unite. • Czechoslovakia is created. • Yugoslavia is created. • Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia • are recognized as • independent nations.

13. An animated series of maps showing the breakup of SFR Yugoslavia. The different colors represent the areas of control. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia       Serbia and Montenegro (held the name"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", 1992-2003)     Serbia     Croatia       Slovenia       Macedonia       Bosnia and Herzegovina       Inter-Entity Boundary Line between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska       Kosovo (secession from Serbia disputed) Montenegro

14. Russian Revolution Russia’s lack of industrialization leads to shortages of food and military equipment and the people overthrow the government and eventually replace with communism!

15. Human Casualties • 8.5 million + killed • 17 million + wounded • famine threatened many regions • disease widespread

16. Psychological Effect Why did so many people die? Einstein – theory of relativity = the world much more difficult to understand than initially thought than during Enlightenment. Freud - People mainly make decisions based on irrational unconscious (animal instincts) Nietzche – existentialism – there is no purpose to life and no god Women stepping up in factories during war challenged gender roles.

17. Economic Problems • Factories, farms, and homes destroyed • German Inflation (devaluation of money from overprinting during war)

18. East Asia The Japanese add territory in China, the Shandong Peninsula and the former German colonies in the Pacific.

19. Rise of Nationalism Asia • Causes • Provides effective means of organizing anti-imperialist resistance • Called for fundamental changes • Challenged old beliefs and practices • Vision for a better future Creates conflict— “we” vs. “they” • Tensions between religious and ethnic groups • Ex. Japanese vs. Chinese

20. Asians who fought in WWI were less likely to return and accept European domination • 14 Points promise of self-determination • Unfulfilled • Mandates established over Ottoman Empire and former German colonies • Communist Russia showed support of independence movements • China • Vietnam • Ho Chi Minh

21. Stearns pp. 657-661 • South Asia (India) • Nationalists = Western educated elites • Charismatic leaders • Nonviolent • National Congress Party • British racism an issue • Beginnings of common identity

22. Indian Subcontinent • Railway network contributed to national unity • Britain’s dependency on Indians to help rule and education system led to groups dedicated to ridding India of British control • Indian National Congress goal of self-rule • Scarcity of goods and food following war led to increased opposition to British • Gandhi—Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-22 and Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930 • Wanted economic self-sufficiency and boycott of British goods • Repressive measures taken by British soon replaced with a political compromise—Government of India Act 1937 proved unworkable • Increased tensions between Hindus and Muslims

23. Ottoman Empire/ Middle East • British and French mandates • Syria, Palestine, Trans Jordan • Palestine (p.664) • Turkish nation/ Armenian genocide • Egypt: pp.661-663, 665-666 • Long term issues of tribal regions and • national boundaries.

24. Promises Promises Promises Sykes-Picot Agreement-1916 secret agreement between Britain and France to divide up Arab lands despite British promises of Arab independence after WWI Balfour Declaration- 1917 statement that supported idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

25. Middle East • Syria [modern day Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, and Iraq] • Vague promises for Arab independence by British • Britain needed to protect Suez Canal

26. Middle East Continued • Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 • Divide and rule old Ottoman Empire • Left resentment and bitterness among Arab nationalists • Balfour Declaration 1917 • Jews made up 11% of population in what would become Palestine • Makes contradictory promises to Middle Eastern Arabs • Treaty of Versailles--Mandates in Syria, Iraq, and Palestine • Faisal had accepted this but repudiated it when he returned home • Syria and Iraq declare their independence • French army attacks Syria • British put down uprising in Iraq

27. Middle East Continued • Turkey • Mustafa Kemal “Father of Modern Turkey” • Refused to accept dismemberment of Turkey • Treaty of Lausanne 1923 • Abolished capitulations • Recognized independent Turkey which lost only former Arab provinces • Republic • Secular state • Capital moved to Ankara • Crushed demands for independence from Armenians and Kurds • Dictatorial • Modeled after west

28. Middle East Continued • Iran had been divided into spheres of influence by Britain and Russia in 1907 • 1919 Britain negotiated treaty that allowed British “Advisors” in every department of government • 1921 reaction vs. Britain • Reza Shah Pahlavi [1877-1944] proclaimed Shah • Build a modern nation • Free Iran from foreign domination • Rule with an iron fist

29. Africa Pan Africanism Page 661