Human Development - Conception to Old Age

1. Human Development - Conception to Old Age By: Brendon Lake

2. Stages of the Human Life Cycle • Prenatal • Infant • Toddler • Child • Adolescent • Adult • Older Adult Stage

3. Prenatal Stage • When the baby is still in the womb • Happens when the sperm cell penetrates the Mothers Ovum (egg) • The Sperm and Ovum come together as one cell to create a zygote • Three basic sur-stages of the Prenatal Stage

4. Germinal Stage • Ranges from conception to two weeks. • Cells in the zygote divide rapidly • Mass of cells move slowly along the fallopian tube to the uterus • Than implanted in the uterine lining • During this stage the placenta is also formed • The placenta serves as a life-support system for the fetus, allowing oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus and waste products to pass out.

5. Embryonic Stage • Begins after cell mass is implanted in the uterus • Lasts from two weeks to eight weeks • Most vital organs and body systems form

6. Fetal Stage • Starts at week eight and continues until birth • Cells continue dividing, body systems start functioning • Fetus is now capable of movement • 22-26 weeks old it may survive if birth occurs • Chances of survival much better the closer the term is to 36 weeks

7. Infant Development-Physical • Average weight- 7 ½ lbs • Average height- 20” • When an infant reaches one year old, they have tripled their birth weight • Distinguish between four tastes: sweet, salty, bitter, and sour • Brain 25% size of adults brain, 75% at age two. • Given all neurons at birth, Dendritic connections continue to grow and develop a better functioning brain

8. Infant Development-Social • Given all neurons at birth, Dendritic connections continue to grow and develop a better functioning brain • See signs of attachment at 6 or 7 months of life • Type A attachment (anxious avoidant)- Infant will be insecurely attached, may avoid or ignore their mother • Type B attachment (Secure)- Feel secure enough to leave their mothers side and explore • Type C attachment (anxious-resistant)- securely attached to their mother, not wanting to leave their presence

9. Infant Development-Social • Temperament – Three classifications • The easy child- Positive attitude, adapts to change • The difficult child- Reacts more negatively, not very adaptable to change • The slow to-warm-up child- reacts negative to change, but eventually will adapt

10. Toddler Development • The following slides go through ages two to five and what are typical activities and achievements for an average toddler. • http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/devsequence.shtml - this website helped me out a lot on the toddler stage

11. Physical DevelopmentWalks well, goes up and down steps alone, runs, seats self on chair, becoming independent in toileting, uses spoon and fork, imitates circular stroke, turns pages singly, kicks ball, attempts to dress self, builds tower of six cubes.Emotional DevelopmentVery Self-centered, just beginning a sense of personal identity and belongings, possessive, often negative, often frustrated, no ability to choose between alternatives, enjoys physical affection, resistive to change, becoming independent, more responsive to humor and distraction than discipline or reason. Social DevelopmentSolitary play, dependent on adult guidance, plays with dolls, refers to self by name, socially very immature, little concept of others as "people." May respond to simple direction.Intellectual DevelopmentSays words, phrases and simple sentences, 272 words, understands simple directions, identifies simple pictures, likes to look at books, short attention span, avoids simple hazards, can do simple form board Toddler Development- Age 2

12. Physical DevelopmentRuns well, marches, stands on one foot briefly, rides tricycle, imitates cross, feeds self well, puts on shoes and stockings, unbuttons and buttons, build tower of 10 cubes. Pours from pitcher. Emotional DevelopmentLikes to conform, easy going attitude, not so resistive to change, more secure, greater sense of personal identity, beginning to be adventuresome, enjoys music. Social DevelopmentParallel play, enjoys being by others, takes turns, knows if he is a boy or girl, enjoys brief group activities requiring no skill, likes to "help" in small ways--responds to verbal guidance.Intellectual DevelopmentSays short sentences, 896 words, great growth in communication, tells simple stories, uses words as tools of thought, wants to understand environment, answers questions, imaginative, may recite few nursery rhymes Toddler Development- Age 3

13. Physical DevelopmentSkips on one foot, draws "Man", cuts with scissors (not well), can wash and dry face, dress self except ties, standing broad jump, throws ball overhand, high motor drive.Emotional DevelopmentSeems sure of himself, out-of bounds behavior, often negative, may be defiant, seems to be testing himself out, needs controlled freedom. Age 4 Social DevelopmentCooperative play, enjoys other children's company, highly social, may play loosely organized group games - tag, duck-duck-goose, talkative, versatile.Intellectual DevelopmentUses complete sentences, 1540 words, asks endless questions, learning to generalize, highly imaginative, dramatic, can draw recognizable simple objects. Toddler Development- Age 4

14. Physical DevelopmentHops and skips, dresses without help, good balance and smoother muscle action, skates, rides wagon and scooter, prints simple letters, handedness established, ties shoes, girls small muscle development about 1 year ahead of boys.Emotional DevelopmentSelf-assured, stable, well-adjusted, home-centered, likes to associate with mother, capable, of some self-criticism, enjoys responsibility. Likes to follow the rules. Social DevelopmentHighly cooperative play, has special "friends", highly organized, enjoys simple table games requiring turns and observing rules, "school", feels pride clothes and accomplishments, eager to carry out some responsibility.Intellectual Development2,072 words, tells long tales, carries out direction well, reads own name, counts to 10, asks meaning of words, knows colors, beginning to know difference between fact and fiction-lying, interested in environment, city, stores, etc Toddler Development-Age 5

15. Adolescent Development • Adolescents who are still close with their parents are less likely to engage in risky behaviors • Drugs, booze, sex etc. • May start to view their friends as more important than their parents or guardians • Peer pressure peaks at age 14 and steadily decreases after

16. Adolescent Depression • At this age they try to find who they are and where they fit socially • Changing relationship with parents is what causes depression the most, with peers is second • Can be extremely intense with hormonal changes • Emotional instability is a part of adolescence

17. Early Adult Development • Learns how to form intimate relationships • In friendship • In love • If not learned this can lead to isolation, fear of commitment, and inability to understand others

18. Middle-Aged Adult Development • Generally ages 40-60 • They could feel one of two things: • A purpose such as paving the way for the new generation • A sense of purposelessness • Also experience declined muscle strength, reaction time, sensory issues, and declined cardiac output

19. Elderly Development • Generally over 60 years • Feel integrity vs. despair • “accomplishment or failure” • Weakened immune system leaves them susceptible to dangerous diseases • Due to a lifetime of having antibodies the elderly rarely get the common cold • Mental disintegration may occur leading to • Alzheimer's • Dementia

20. Elderly Development Controversy • Intellectual powers whether they decrease or increase cannot be proven • Believed that crystallized intelligence (specific knowledge) stays with the elderly • Fluid intelligence problem solving, learning, recognizing problems) decreases with old age