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Earth Science Facts & Observations for Final Review

This concise guide covers key facts in Earth science, including density variations, rock types, mineral properties, and surface processes. Learn about observation techniques, weather phenomena, and astronomical principles. Prepare for your exams with these essential review points!

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Earth Science Facts & Observations for Final Review

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  1. Earth Science Need to Know Facts Final Review

  2. Observation and Measurement • Same substance = same density • As pressure increases, density increases. PRESSURE TEMPERATURE

  3. Observation and Measurement • As temperature increases, density decreases • Water expands when it freezes D E N S I T Y TEMPERATURE

  4. Observation and Measurement • A sphere is the best model of Earth’s shape (oblate spheroid) • Altitude of Polaris equals your latitude!!!! Zenith 36° 54° Horizon

  5. Observation and Measurement • Longitude (time) is based on the sun • Close contour lines=steep slope/gradient

  6. Observation and Measurement • Contour lines “bend” upstream—Law of V’s

  7. Rocks and MineralsSedimentary • Form underwater • Horizontal layers • Contains fossils • Compaction • Cementation • Evaporites • Precipitates

  8. Rocks and MineralsIgneous • Solidification of Magma • Intergrown Crystals • Extrusive (formed at Earth’s surface)- cools fast-small crystals (fine), no crystals (glassy) Scoria Obsidian

  9. Rocks and MineralsIgneous • Intrusive (formed within the Earth)- cools slow-large crystals (coarse to very coarse) • Felsic/Mafic Diorite

  10. Rocks and MineralsMetamorphic • Heat • Pressure • Recrystallization • Foliated-shows minerals alignment Phyllite

  11. Rocks and MineralsMetamorphic • Non-Foliated-do not have mineral alignment • Banding-layered arrangement • NO MELTING!!! Marble

  12. Minerals • Naturally Occurring • Inorganic • Definite Chemical Composition • Solid • Crystal Structure (internal arrangement of atoms)

  13. Minerals Properties of MineralIdentification • Color -Density • Streak • Luster • Hardness • Cleavage/Fracture • Special Properties

  14. Surface Processes and Landscapes • Porosity (amount of holes) – size doesn’t matter (when sorted) • Permeability (holes connected) – the bigger the particle size, the faster water goes through

  15. Surface Processes and Landscapes • Gravity is behind all erosion (wind, running water, glaciers, ocean waves) • Streams are the number one agent of erosion

  16. Surface Processes and Landscapes • Capillarity (movement upward) – increases as particle size decreases

  17. Surface Processes and Landscapes • Stream velocity depends on slope and discharge (amount of water in stream)

  18. Surface Processes and Landscapes • Velocity is faster on outside of meander bend – erosion occurs there and it is deepest.

  19. Surface Processes and Landscapes • Heavy dense round particles settle out first in water • Graded bedding (vertical sorting) biggest sediments on the bottom • Horizontal sorting – large particles settle out first (stream slows down when entering a larger body of water)

  20. Surface Processes and Landscapes • Glacial sediments are unsorted, scratched, U-shaped valley and can carry boulders. • Stream deposits are sorted, round, smooth, V-shaped valley (Abrasion)

  21. Astronomy Seasons • Earth is tilted at 23.5° • When the North Pole is tilted toward the Sun it’s SUMMER!!! • Earth revolves around the sun • Earth axis is always points in the same direction • Equator= no seasons= always has 12 hours of daylight • Hottest time of day – 3 pm • Coldest time of day – around sunrise

  22. Astronomy Seasons

  23. Astronomy Seasons

  24. Astronomy Seasons

  25. Astronomy Seasons

  26. Astronomy • Earth rotates West to East • 15°/hr • All celestial objects appear to move from E to W • Evidence of rotation: • Coriolis Effect — deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere • Foucault Pendulum—changes direction of swing

  27. Astronomy • Earth revolves counterclockwise • 1°/day • Evidence of revolution—changing constellations each season • Earth is closer to the sun in winter, revolves fastest • Geocentric—Earth centered / Heliocentric—Sun centered

  28. Astronomy • Red Shift • Moving Away • Blue Shift • Moving Toward • Our universe is red shifting, expanding, getting bigger

  29. Astronomy • The lower the sun the longer the shadow; noon shadow in NY points North • Energy in stars is produced by nuclear fusion.

  30. WeatherCloud Formation • Rising air!! • Air expands and cools to the dew point • The air becomes saturated • Water vapor attaches to condensation nuclei • Condensation GL

  31. WeatherWind • Horizontal movement of air • Caused by uneven heating of Earth’s surface

  32. Weather H

  33. Weather L

  34. Weather • Isobars close together= fast wind • Air mass—region of atmosphere with uniform temperature and humidity • Front—boundary between two air mass

  35. Weather • Passing of a front= precipitation and change in temperature and wind direction • Cold fronts move fastest • Weather move NE in NYS

  36. Weather • Cold Front • Precipitation occurs before and after the front

  37. Weather • Warm Front • Precipitation occurs before the front

  38. Weather • Occluded Front • occur when cold air is replacing cool air or vice versa at the surface, with warm air above.

  39. Energy • Black/Rough = Good ABSORBER • White/Smooth = Good REFLECTOR • !!!A good absorber of energy is a good radiator of energy!!!

  40. Energy • Conduction—molecule to molecule • Radiation—through space (vacuum) – ex. Light • Convection—due to differences in density

  41. Energy • Temperature does NOT change during a phase change • Condensation G L • Evaporation LG • Freezing LS • Melting SL • Sublimation SG

  42. Energy • Infrared radiation – reradiated from Earth – long wave radiation (Greenhouse Effect) • Ultraviolet radiation – from Sun – short wave radiation • Greenhouse Gases • Carbon dioxide • Methane • Nitrous oxide • Water vapor • Ozone

  43. Climates • Latitude: low latitude = small temperature range and warm temperatures • Elevation: higher elevations = cooler temperatures

  44. Climates • Wind belts: from the south =warm, from water = moist • Mountain barriers • Windward = cool and moist • Leeward = warm and dry

  45. Climates • Ocean Currents

  46. Dynamic CrustP-Waves • Faster • Can travel through solid, liquid and gas • Arrive at the station 1st

  47. Dynamic CrustS-Waves • Slow • Can travel through solid only • Arrive at the station 2nd • Need 3 stations to locate the epicenter

  48. Geologic Time • Law of Superposition—bottom layer is the oldest • Intrusions and faults are younger than the rocks they cut through

  49. Geologic Time • Unconformity—gap in geologic time –erosional surface Unconformity

  50. Geologic Time (Climate) • Arid Landscape • Steep slopes

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