Authors: Bob Callaway (NCSU & IBM), Dr. Adolfo Rodriguez (IBM & Duke)

1. IEEE GLOBECOM 2006 Challenges in Service-Oriented NetworkingBob CallawayPh.D Candidate, NC State University Software Engineer, WebSphere Technology Institute, IBM Authors: Bob Callaway (NCSU & IBM), Dr. Adolfo Rodriguez (IBM & Duke) Dr. Mike Devetsikiotis (NCSU) Jerry Cuomo (IBM) December 20, 2019 | IBM Software Group

2. Presentation Outline • Viewing the Network as a Service • Telecommunication vs. Information Services • The OSI Model (revisited) • Why Next Generation Networks Should Provide Value Added Services • Overview of Service-Oriented Networking • Application-Aware Networking • Active & Overlay Networks • XML: A Standard for Data Interoperability • Service-Oriented Architectures • Service-Oriented Networking Functions • Examples • Conclusions & Future Work

3. Telecommunication vs. Information Services • Telecommunication Services • “the offering of telecommunications for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of users as to be effectively available to the public, regardless of facilities used” • Implies the form/content of the information sent/received is not altered by the telecommunication service. • Information Services • “the offering of a capability for generating, acquiring, storing, transforming, processing, retrieving, utilizing, or making available information via telecommunications” • Consist of value-added services, which are complementary to the telecommunication service * Definitions from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Telecommunications Act of 1996

4. Why Next Generation Networks Should Provide Value Added Services • Economic Reasons • Telecommunications services are commoditized, have low margins with high investments, and must provide a near-perfect service • Economic theory states that profit and degree of commoditization are inversely proportional • Example: POTS • Local calling (basic voice transport service) is a commodity • Value added services (long distance, caller ID, voicemail) are where network operators make profits • Value added services allow providers to differentiate themselves in the marketplace

5. Why Next Generation Networks Should Provide Value Added Services(continued)… • Technical Reasons • We could make smarter routing decisions or more efficiently utilize the network if we understand the information in the network traffic • Placing value added services in the network allows for significant advantages in service adoption, maintenance, reuse, etc. • These are goals also addressed by adopting service-oriented architectures • Start to move from: • a “bipolar” model (no intelligence in the network, push all complexity to the end host) • to a more hierarchical distributed model (offload value added services that make sense into the network fabric, leave rest at the end host) • This allows for a (potentially price) differentiated choice of network services

6. Overview of Service-Oriented Networking • Definition • Service-Oriented Networking (SON) is an emerging network architecture that gains greater overall IT efficiency by providing intelligent functionality in the network fabric that was previously unavailable or impractical to implement. • Details • Application awareness in the network fabric is key • Breaks end-to-end principle of networks (don’t touch the payload) • Assumes that the network can make “intelligent” decisions based on application data • Revisits earlier research in application-aware networks • NGN standards are emerging in this area (TeleManagement Forum, etc)

7. The OSI Model (revisited) Handles business processing, content transformation, middleware function, etc In End Hosts Transmit messages between hosts Transmit message segments between hosts on different networks In Network Fabric Transmit message segments between hosts on one network Transmit bits over physical medium Description of Service

8. Previous Application-Aware Networking Research • Active Networks • Attempted to add application layer functionality by executing user-supplied byte code in “smart” packets in specific active nodes (programmable routers, switches) • Suffers from issues of security, resource allocation, performance, and cost of deployment • Overlay Networks • Consist of peer nodes that self-organize into a distributed data structure based on application criteria • Goals are to alleviate the effects of slow or sporadic deployment of new services in the Internet, and to directly provide application-level functionality that is out-of-scope for the underlying network

9. XML: A Standard for Data Interoperability • Until recently, the bulk of application data that traversed the network was built around a wide array of closed and proprietary data specifications • With the introduction and proliferation of XML, an open standard is now widely used for representing application layer data • Open standards for searching (XPath), transforming (XSLT), security (WS-Security), transport (SOAP), etc. all exist today! Estimated Percentage of XML in Network Traffic

10. Service Oriented Architectures • Major Problems in Information Technology • Change is the only constant • Integration of heterogeneous systems is difficult • Definition of SOA • SOA is an architectural style that encourages the creation of loosely coupled business services • An SOA solution consists of a composite set of business services that realize an end-to-end business process • Loosely Coupled Services • Represent a reusable business function • Removes dependencies on implementation specifics through standardized interfaces • Standardized interfaces enable the flexibility of SOA

11. Service-Oriented Networking Functions:Functional Offloading • Offload services into the network fabric that can leverage specialized hardware (cryptographic or XML processing ASIC/FPGA) • In this example, the network offers a value added service of securing SOAP/XML requests and responses inline • In certain situations, the network could provide a full offload of endpoint services (caching stock prices, etc), and would be managed by a caching policy

12. Service-Oriented Networking Functions:Service Integration • With an open standard for data representation, we can remove the burden of integration from the end user and place this value added service in the network • In this example, the network appliance provides the ability to transform purchase orders into the format which is preferred by the provider • This could also be a XML  Binary or Binary  XML mapping as well to support legacy systems

13. Service-Oriented Networking Functions:Content-Based Routing • Content-based routing typically involves applying a rule against some part of a service request (header or content) to derive a token as a result. • This token is then used to make a routing decision • In this example, where requests are XML messages, we utilize XPath to extract the appropriate routing token • This value-added service can be used to enable service partitioning

14. Conclusions & Future Work • Conclusions • We believe that SON provides exciting new multidisciplinary research opportunities in service-oriented computing, hardware, software, and networking that could have dramatic effects on the development of emerging network services. • Future Work • Develop a methodology for deciding what value added services should reside where in the network • Given a business process, how can one choose an optimal set of services to leverage given cost, performance, SLA constraints • What are the issues with pricing value added services on a commoditized network fabric?